OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 25 No. 4 2023 198 MATERIAL SCIENCE Elastic modulus and hardness of Ti alloy obtained by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing Vasiliy Klimenov 1, a*, Evgeny Kolubaev 2, b, Zeli Han 1, c, Andrey Chumaevskii 2, d, Edgar Dvilis 1, e, Irina Strelkova 1, f, Ekaterina Drobyaz 3, g, Oleg Yaremenko 4, h, Aleksandr Kuranov 4, i 1 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation 2 Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 2/4, pr. Akademicheskii, Tomsk, 634055, Russian Federation 3 Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation 4 Opton Engineering Limited Liability Company Ugreshskaya str., 2, p. 53, Moscow, 115088, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-0170, klimenov@tpu.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7288-3656, eak@ispms.tsc.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-6541, hanzelizy@gmail.com; d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-4385, tch7av@gmail.com; e https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6853-6448, dvilis@tpu.ru; f https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2222-2865, strelkova@tpu.ru; g https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-3574, ekaterina.drobyaz@yandex.ru; h https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8193-8027, oy@opton.ru; i https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5593-9053, ak@opton.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2023 vol. 25 no. 4 pp. 180–201 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2023-25.4-180-201 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 17 July 2023 Revised: 10 August 2023 Accepted: 18 September 2023 Available online: 15 December 2023 Keywords: Wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing Titanium alloys Elastic modulus Indentation Ultrasonic control Hardness Funding Research was supported by Grant No. 23-7900066 from the Russian Science Foundation, https://rscf.ru/project/23-79-00066/. Acknowledgements The authors like to express their gratitude towards the management of the Academic Innovative Center of National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University for equipment employed in these studies, fi nancially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Project No. 075-15-2021-710). These studies also employed equipment of the Core Facility Centre “Structure, Mechanical, and Physical Properties of Materials” of Novosibirsk State technical University. We thank S. Yu. Nikonov (Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS) for 3D printing of specimens. ABSTRACT Introduction. The development and application of additive manufacturing depends on many factors, including the printing process performance and buy-to-fl y ratio. Wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) is attracting more and more attention from research teams. Moreover, the use of electron beams is the most eff ective and competitive for additive manufacturing of parts from alloys possessing high oxidation characteristics, e.g., titanium, stainless steels, since selective laser melting occurs in vacuum. Welding titanium wire VT6sv is the most preferable choice due to its availability and a wide range of thickness. This alloy, however, has fewer alloying elements than VT6 (Ti–6Al–4V) alloys. The high performance of wire-feed 3D printing and the VT6sv alloy composition aff ect the structure, phase composition, and properties of the fabricated alloy. As is known, the elastic modulus and hardness of alloys are important parameters, which can be measured rapidly also using non-destructive testing. The purpose of this work is to study the application of diff erent approaches to measuring the elastic modulus and hardness of products obtained by wire-feed EBAM using the equipment of the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS. Research methods. The structure of VT6sv titanium alloys fabricated by 3D printing and VT10 (Grade 2), VT6 (Ti–6Al–4V) alloys, was investigated by diff erent methods such as metallography, ultrasonic gauging, instrumented indentation technique, macro- and micro-indentation, indentation hardness testing. Results and Discussion. Titanium alloy fabricated from VT6sv titanium wire under diff erent thermal conditions has a typical columnar structure throughout the forging height. The structure formation determines the elastic modulus and hardness at various points of the forging. It is found that the elastic modulus is higher than that of as-delivered Ti–6Al–4V alloys, while the hardness is lower. Micro-indentation shows lower values of the elastic modulus than macro-indentation, which approach to values obtained by ultrasonic gauging and in other works. Diff erent values of the elastic modulus at diff erent points of the 3D printed forging indicate its sensitivity to the structure and phase composition of the material and demonstrate capabilities of measuring techniques used in this work. For citation: Klimenov V.A., Kolubaev E.A., Han Z, Chumaevskii A.V., Dvilis E.S., Strelkova I.L., Drobyaz E.A., Yaremenko O.B., Kuranov A.E. Elastic modulus and hardness of Ti alloy obtained by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2023, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 180–201. DOI: 10.17212/19946309-2023-25.4-180-201. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Klimenov Vasiliy A., D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin ave., 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 (3822) 701-777, e-mail: klimenov@tpu.ru
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