OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 24 No. 4 2022 This topic is relevant to conditions of rational use of natural resources, especially metals and alloys, widely used in mechanical engineering. Metalworking using various machines makes the greatest contribution to the total waste of the production chains in mechanical engineering. Metal chip is always formed in the manufacturing process of any metal part regardless of the processing type and the used tool. Efficient disposal of the metal chip after machining is a serious problem for mechanical engineering companies, because its state is very different from the initial state of the workpiece. Traditionally, metal chip is polluted with all sorts of impurities in every type of metalworking. Besides the cutting fluid (coolant), there may be oil, moisture, sand particles, sludge, and other debris. All this makes it difficult to recycle and process it directly in the production workshop. Rust is another problem in the metal chip recycling. It starts to form intensively immediately after the processing and continues to growwith the time of waste storage.Mechanical engineering companies most often accumulate metal waste and transfer it to metallurgical production for remelting in order to avoid all these problems [1–5]. In this regard, the possibility of compacting metal chip waste is the priority task for the metal chip utilization in order to minimize the volume and facilitate transportation for further remelting [3]. A number of works [6–8] propose to consider the production waste as an independent resource in the form of modified blend for further use as semifinished items. Some of the most common materials for mechanical engineering are various grades of steel. Respectively, a significant amount of waste will be the steel chip. On the other hand, the steel chip can be used as a resource not only for secondary melting, but also as a source of components for powder technology. Firstly, the chip, regardless of the alloy, is a material with the defective structure that was formed as a result of cutting [2, 7]. It can contribute to its dispersing and the application of hot densification technologies of the already powdered product. Secondly, the chip is a sufficiently activated material which can be further grinded and oxidized. Thirdly, the great importance has the influence of the processing medium with using coolant, the accompanying oxidation processes, etc. [5]. This all makes the steel chip a convenient raw material for the preparation of powder compositions with a specific combination of components. The steel chip can also be interesting not only as a source of iron, but also as an oxide-containing component for obtaining composite materials with oxide inclusions. The use of oxides in composite materials science has been developing for decades [9–15]. The combination “oxide – metal base” depends on the purpose and operating conditions of products made from this composite. In this case, one can consider not only bulk materials, but also surfaces modified by composite coatings [16]. If we consider the steel chip as a potential source of oxide inclusions, then the analysis of metal components that can be used in the composition with the grinded oxidized steel chip plays an important role. Titanium- and aluminum-based powder materials are the most interesting group of metal components that can be considered as matrix material when using the recycled metal chip. In particular, studies of composite materials based on titanium with various refractory additives from compounds of carbides, nitrides, borides, silicides, and oxides are well known [9–10, 14]. Composites based on an aluminum matrix with addition of refractory compounds are also of interest [13, 17, 18]. The group of composites based on the Ti–Al system, which can be considered as a matrix of composite material, does not lose its relevance in the research [13, 19–22]. A wide range of technological processes related both to various types of cladding and surface modifications [19] and to the processes of SHS, electrospark sintering and other types of consolidation of powder components are used to obtain metal-matrix composites [9–16, 18–23]. Among these methods, a vacuum sintering with the controlled heating seems to be a fairly simple and convenient option for studying the physical and chemical processes that can occur in complex systems with interacting components, including oxide compounds. The vacuum sintering is convenient to use at the initial stage of the study, because it is difficult to predict the possible diffusion-reaction processes that can occur in the mixture under study with products from metal processing waste during other technological processes for obtaining powder composites (SHS, electrospark and laser sintering, thermal explosion, etc.). Predicting the behavior is an extremely difficult task for the materials based on titanium and aluminum with the addition of the steel chip which in turn is iron with the addition of other impurities in various proportions. With a general approach, one has to rely on the known data of the basic systems of Ti‒Al,
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