OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 3 2024 technology Conclusion With 71 years of use in industrial steels, niobium has been proven to be beneficial for several properties such as strength and toughness. During this time, numerous studies have been conducted and papers published showing that both strength and toughness can be improved by higher Nb additions. Currently, analytical techniques such as high-resolution X-ray experiments are used, which can be carried out to accurately measure the volume fraction of NbC and the corresponding dissolved Nb in steel after reheating conditions, which are difficult to measure using electron microscopy or conventional X-ray diffraction due to the very low volume fraction (about 0.0001–0.0002) of niobium carbide precipitation in the steels studied. In recent decades, TMCR has been the most important development for structural steels and has replaced older grades of steel due to its inherent advantages such as increased strength and toughness combined with better weldability and formability. TMCR consists of two main functions: deformation of austenite by controlling recrystallization kinetics and applying a proper cooling strategy to create a microstructure according to technical requirements. Based on existing TMCR microstructural models, the entire rolling and cooling process can be much better controlled, resulting in tighter tolerances and supporting the production of new steel grades with improved performance properties. Integrated built-in models will replace stand-alone models. Real-time calculations of microstructure development and precise sensors help control the entire production process and ensure the highest quality products. References 1. Efron L.I. Metallovedenie v «bol’shoi» metallurgii. Trubnye stali [Metallurgy in “big” metallurgy. Pipe steels]. Moscow, Metallurgizdat Publ., 2012. 696 p. ISBN 978-5-902194-63-7. 2. Matrosov Yu.I., Litvinenko S.A., Golovanenko S.A. Stal’ dlya magistral’nykh truboprovodov [Steel for main pipelines]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1989. 288 p. 3. Shiryaev A.G., Chetverikov S.G., Chikalov S.G., Pyshmintsev I.Yu., Krylov P.V. Tekhnologii proizvodstva stal’nykh besshovnykh trub dlya dobychi trudnoizvlekaemykh uglevodorodov [Manufacturing technologies of steel seamless tubes for production of hard-to-recover hydrocarbons]. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Chernaya metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy, 2018, vol. 61 (11), pp. 866–875. DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-11866-875. 4. API Spec 5CT. Obsadnye i nasosno-kompressornye truby. Tekhnicheskie usloviya [API Spec 5CT. Casing and tubing. Specifications]. 9th ed. American Petroleum Institute Publ., 2011. 287 p. 5. ISO 11960. Petroleum and natural gas industries – Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells. 4th ed. International Organization for Standardization, 2011. 269 p. 6. DSTU ISO 11960:2020. Petroleum and natural gas industries – Steel pipes for use as casing and tubing for wells. Geneva, Switzerland, IOS, 2020. 7. GOST R 53366–2009. Truby stal’nye, primenyaemye v kachestve obsadnykh ili nasosno-kompressornykh trub dlya skvazhin v neftyanoi i gazovoi promyshlennosti. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviya [State Standard R 53366– 2009. Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells in petroleum and natural gas industries. General specifications]. Moscow, Standardinform Publ., 2010. 190 p. 8. STO Gazprom 2-4.1-158–2007. Tekhnicheskie trebovaniya k obsadnym trubam dlya mestorozhdenii OAO «Gazprom» [Standard organization STO Gazprom 2-4.1-158–2007. Technical requirements for casing pipes for Gazprom fields]. Moscow, Gazprom Publ., 2007. 23 p. 9. STO Gazprom 2-4.1-228–2008. Tekhnicheskie trebovaniya k nasosno-kompressornym trubam dlya mestorozhdenii OAO «Gazprom» [Standard organization STO Gazprom 2-4.1-228–2008. Technical requirements for tubing for OAO Gazprom fields]. Moscow, Gazprom Publ., 2008. 32 p. 10. Davies R.J., Almond S., Ward R.S., Jackson R.B., Adams C., Worrall F., Herringshaw L.G., Gluyas J.G., WhiteheadM.A. Oil and gas wells and their integrity: Implications for shale and unconventional resource exploitation. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2014, vol. 56, pp. 239–254. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.03.001.
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