OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 3 2024 technology Redundant data arises mainly due to the lack of ranges of measured product parameters. At the same time, in repetitive or slightly different processes at the production stage, the actual task when using DS is to generate meaningful (effective) data. Riesener M., Schuh G., et al. proposed a DS framework that allows the collection and integration of information based on heterogeneous data sources [24, 25]. In the work of the authors Fedonin O. N. et al. a structure of automated systems is proposed that ensures the collection and analysis of data from CNC metal-cutting machines within the framework of the MES [26]. Integration of a DS simulation model with MES was proposed by Negri S. et al. [27] by creating a DT used for decision making including an intelligent system that contains rules and knowledge for choosing between alternatives. Thus, we can conclude that at the moment, various scientific groups are studying DT of various levels (hierarchies), starting from DT of the cutting tool [5] and ending with DT of the operating process. This fact tells us that PLM systems can be integrated with DT to provide more efficient management of the entire life cycle [7, 22, 28] and be used for modeling and analysis of various processes [29]. For example, through Online Monitoring (OM) [30, 31], it is possible to clarify the idea of the technical condition of a vehicle, carry out its diagnostics, predict the remaining service life, etc. [32–34]. Since one of the main elements of the technological system is a metal-cutting tool, then from the point of view of creating DT and DS, it deserves the greatest attention, both in terms of ensuring the stability of the machining process and in terms of the quality of the resulting surfaces. However, taking into account the multifactorial nature of the machining process, in order to generate DT and DS, it is necessary to constantly obtain data about the machining process in real time. The authors’ works [35–39] describe monitoring systems for Tool Condition Control (TCC) in real time at maintenance. An analysis of scientific works [40–42] made it possible to formulate the purpose of monitoring the ICS: assessing the state of the IR, detecting chips and breakage of the instrument. Considering the difficulty of predicting tool condition, multiple sensors are used [43–45]. However, the presence of a large number of sensors leads to repetitive (redundant) data, which ultimately reduces the efficiency of using TCC systems. Thus, the selection of suitable sensors and, accordingly, monitoring methods is important [46–49]. Studies by many authors describe the use of monitoring based on signals of force [40], acoustic emission (AE) [42, 50], power, current [51, 52], temperature, etc. [33, 45]. Dynamometers and AE devices are expensive equipment, and for measuring signals, incl. cutting force values require highly qualified specialists. The AE system is also quite complex and includes: a set of preamplifiers, cable lines, units for preprocessing and converting AE signals, a computer with the necessary software [53], information display tools, and system calibration units [54]. The results obtained using temperature sensors are often unreliable because infrared rays do not measure the actual temperature in the cutting zone [33]. Similarly, the use of thermocouple [53] has its disadvantages for milling operations due to the complexity of the process. At the same time, an analysis of scientific works in recent years shows that the topic of TCC using Vibroacoustic (VA) signals is studied in fragments. Research mainly focuses on two areas: online vibrationbased cutting tool wear analysis [55] and surface roughness analysis using sound signal during machining [51, 56]. Despite the fact that these areas have its own characteristics and methods, the integration of its results can lead to the creation of a more comprehensive and effective OM ТСС system. Such a system, with proper methodological description, configuration, recording and filtering of VA signals, will make it possible to obtain an easily reconfigurable, reliable monitoring complex with low cost, and will also ensure the required product quality, increase productivity and reduce costs due to more accurate measurement data and the processing process. To implement the concept of monitoring machining on Technological Equipment with CNC, it is proposed to form a DS using a VA complex, which transmits a signal to the software. At the same time, the applied software should have an intuitive, friendly user interface, the data should be structurally ordered, and the software implementation of application functions should be carried out using a client-server design [57–62].
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