OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 3 2024 technology where ΣC consists of С1 is equipment operating costs; С2 is costs for changing tools; С3 is cost of standard hour; С4 is cost of the tool. Then the performance limitation system will have the following form: Q = {V, n, fz, ap, t} → max. whereV is a cutting speed, m/min; n is a rotation speed, min–1; fz is a feed per tooth, mm/tooth; a p is a cutting depth, mm; t is an allowance, mm. In this work, DS was considered from the side of information transfer from the Physical World (PW) to DT. The proposed Online Monitoring system, consisting of maintenance, SCADA and VA sensors (Sensors are piezoelectric accelerometers “BC 110”), due to the diagnostic function, allows to timely detect tool wear and make a decision on replacing the cutting tool, correction or changing the control program (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. The scheme of monitoring and the digital twin The Online Monitoring system analyzes various parameters such as vibration, acoustic signals and surface finish. This allows to not only determine when a tool has reached a critical level of wear and requires replacement [76], but also to monitor less obvious changes that may signal possible problems. Digital signal processing techniques including FFT, window functions, and filtering were used to analyze the resulting VA signals. The data received in the form of an acoustic signal is transferred to the software, where noise removal (De-Noising) and filtering [35] are carried out in the VST plugin using the Fourier transform. One of the key elements of the system for transmitting a signal in real time is a virtual cable, which allows displaying information on the operator’s graphical interface (Fig 3). In experimental studies, machining was carried out in the same direction using a cutting fluid, on workpieces having the properties of AISI 321, with cylindrical end mills with a diameter of D = 8 mm, z = 2.
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