OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 3 2024 230 MATERIAL SCIENCE Methods of synchrotron radiation monochromatization (research review) Alexander Burdilov 1, a, *, Gleb Dovzhenko 1, 2, b, Ivan Bataev 1, c, Anatoly Bataev 1, d 1 Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation 2 Siberian Circular Photon Source “SKlF” Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SRF “SKIF”), 1 Nikol’skii pr., Kol’tsovo, 630559, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1992-9290, burdillov12@gmail.com; b https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-0643, dovjenko.g@gmail.com; c https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2871-0269, i.bataev@corp.nstu.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6227-5398, bataev@adm.nstu.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2024 vol. 26 no. 3 pp. 208–233 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.3-208-233 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 24 May 2024 Revised: 10 June 2024 Accepted: 28 June 2024 Available online: 15 September 2024 Keywords: Synchrotron radiation X-ray diff raction Monochromators Acknowledgements Thanks to Trofi mov Roman Vladimirovich for providing fi gure number 29 in this paper. ABSTRACT The paper presents an analysis of studies related to the monochromatization of X-ray radiation (XR) at synchrotron radiation sources. A review of monochromators based on of X-ray diff raction on crystals is given, and the peculiarities of their technical realization are considered. The ideas about monochromators which include multilayer structures are examined. The authors also study technical problems arising during designing devices and its possible solutions. Introduction. The possibilities of using X-rays in scientifi c research are described. The high effi ciency of synchrotron radiation sources is noted, and its characterization is given. Elementary information about diff raction of X-rays. The paper describes the properties of X-ray radiation and the possibilities of its using while studying various materials. Degree of monochromaticity. The degree of monochromaticity is an important characteristic of the synchrotron radiation (SR). Depending on the width of the wavelength band, “white”, “pink” and monochromatic beams are distinguished. Monochromators based on multilayer structures are used to obtain “pink” beams. Monochromatic radiation is formed using monocrystals. When conducting experiments with “white” beams, the monochromator is not used. The authors also describe the factors that violate the ideal fulfi llment of the Wolf-Bragg condition and aff ect the degree of monochromaticity (heat, vibration). The refl ectivity values at diff erent beam grazing angles are noted to have diff erent widths. Monochromators based on multilayer structures. Periodic structures combining thin layers of two heterogeneous materials make it possible to obtain “pink” beams. The wavelength bandwidth of such devices is one or two orders of magnitude greater than that of monochromators using crystals as optical elements. Confi gurations and geometry of optical elements. There are two types of X-ray diff raction on a crystal: Bragg and Laue diff raction. Bragg diff raction refers to refl ective geometry, Laue diff raction is based on the passage of beams through the crystal. The section provides examples of monochromators with diff erent confi gurations of crystals and X-ray mirrors. The arrangement of optical elements in a monochromator plays an important role in the geometry of the beam path. When designing monochromators, it is necessary to take into account the methods of fi xation and orientation of the rotation axes of optical elements. Examples of monochromators with diff erent confi gurations of crystals and X-ray mirrors are given. Focusing monochromators. It is possible to provide sagittal and meridional types of deformation by bending the optical element of the monochromator. Due to the curved crystal surface the beam is not only monochromatized but also subjected to focusing. Modern focusing monochromators are equipped with adaptivity elements allowing it to change the radius of curvature of the optical element. Examples of practical realization of such monochromators are presented. Thermal load of SR on optical elements. The SR is characterized by high brightness and a wide spectrum of emitted wavelengths. While operating optical elements of SR stations absorb a large amount of thermal power. The problems of heat dissipation have a fundamental infl uence on the quality of synchrotron radiation monochromatization. Additional information about monochromators. Examples of special design solutions for monochromators are given. Conclusion. The design of monochromators is relevant to the synchrotron radiation source 4+ “SKIF” under construction in Novosibirsk. For citation: Burdilov A.A., Dovzhenko G.D., Bataev I.A., Bataev A.A. Methods of synchrotron radiation monochromatization (research review). Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2024, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 208–233. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.3-208-233. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Burdilov Alexander A., Student, Laboratory assistant Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, 630073, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 952 794-44-06, e-mail: burdillov12@gmail.com References 1. Caciuff o R., Melone S., Rustichelli F., Boeuf A. Monochromators for x-ray synchrotron radiation. Physics Reports, 1987, vol. 152 (1), pp. 1–71. DOI: 10.1016/0370-1573(87)90080-9. 2. Adronova N.V., Kohn V.G., ChechinA.I. Multilayer mirrors as synchrotron radiation monochromators. Nuclear Instruments in Physics Research, 1986, vol. 359 (1–2), pp. 131–134. DOI: 10.1016/0168-9002(94)01681-x.
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