OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 3 2024 a b c Fig. 28. Schemes of goniometers: a – goniometer of “butterfly” type; b – goniometer of quasi channel-cut monochromator; c – goniometer realizing the scheme of conjugation of independent crystals incident beam, pairs of crystals move along rails fixed on the frame that is shown in Fig. 30 in blue color. This technical solution makes it possible to assemble two pairs of optical elements monochromatizing synchrotron radiation in one device. Several pairs of crystals can be used in the design of monochromators. There are devices with an odd number of optical surfaces (not parallel to each other). In [60] one example of realizing such a scheme is presented (Fig. 31). In [61] a monochromator with operation involving reflection on four crystals is presented (Fig. 32). Conclusion Analysis of the structural features of materials of different nature is one of the most important tasks currently being solved by the scientific community. A large number of such tasks arise in modern materials science, physics, chemistry, geology, biology, medicine, pharmacology, archeology. The tasks related to the study of fast structural transformations in materials at different stages of its processing are among the most difficult ones. The success of its solution depends to a great extent on the technical characteristics of the scientific equipment used by specialists. The research methods developed during the last century allow obtaining unique information about the structure of materials at different scales. Among the most informative methods of studying materials, it is necessary to emphasize the methods of X-ray structural analysis, which originated from the works of Röntgen, von Laue, father and son Bragg. In recent decades, these methods have been effectively developed in solving problems at synchrotron radiation sources. In accordance with the national project “Science and Universities”, modern synchrotron radiation sources “SILA” (Moscow region, Protvino) and “RIF” (Vladivostok, Russky Island) will be created in Fig. 29. Schemes of installations with horizontally and vertically oriented goniometer axes
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