OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 26 No. 3 2024 demonstrating the long-standing usefulness of composite materials. This ancient method, still used in brick blocks today, provides structures with impressive resistance to compression, tearing, and bending [1]. The demand for composite materials increased significantly, propelling the fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) industry forward. By 1945, the industry was using more than 7 million pounds of glass fibers to produce a wide range of products, primarily for military purposes. After the war, the use of composites expanded rapidly, especially in the 1950s, when innovators began to introduce it into areas such as aerospace, construction, and transportation. The remarkable corrosion resistance of FRP composites quickly gained recognition, especially in the public sector [2]. The composite materials industry is currently evolving, especially in the renewable energy sector. Innovations in composite materials are critical to the development of larger wind turbine blades. Engineers can design composites to meet specific performance requirements. This involves reinforcing the composite in one direction by aligning the fibers to increase strength, while intentionally leaving weaker areas in less critical directions. Furthermore, choosing the suitable matrix materials allows engineers to tailor properties such as resistance to heat, chemicals, and weathering [3]. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural fibers as an alternative to synthetic fibers, driven by environmental awareness and the imperative of sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed overview of the scientific and technological advances underlying composite materials, as well as its manufacturing technologies and various applications [1]. Green Composites Growing awareness of environmental issues worldwide has led to the development of recyclable, biodegradable, cost-effective green materials based on environmentally friendly components. This trend has fostered the growth of a community of researchers and designers seeking to reduce the environmental impact of polymer composite production. Green composites are a special type of composite materials in which either the matrix, the reinforcing phase, or both are produced from natural components. These materials are made by combining plant fibers with natural resins, which represents a significant step forward in creating more environmentally friendly and biodegradable materials. This development not only offers solution to the escalating environmental crisis, but also addresses the problems associated with waste management and the depletion of fossil resources [4]. The basic components of green composites are the matrix and the reinforcing component. The matrix can be either a non-biodegradable petroleum-based material, such as epoxy resins, or a biodegradable polymer, such as polylactic acid (PLA). The load-bearing reinforcement is the second important component. The matrix and the reinforcement together determine the overall characteristics of the composite. These composites can be tailored to specific purposes or requirements, allowing for the creation of both partially and fully biodegradable composites. Fully biodegradable composites are often referred to as biopolymers or green polymers; however, composite materials that are only partially biodegradable can also significantly reduce its environmental impact compared to traditional materials [2]. Researchers are actively studying the physical and mechanical properties of such composites, making certain assumptions within defined limits, to assess its applicability. The key advantages of green composites are its cost-effectiveness, light weight, and environmental friendliness, making it an attractive alternative in a variety of applications. Reinforcement Components in Green Composites Reinforcement components play a key role in the production of sustainable composites by acting as load-bearing elements that improve the mechanical properties of the polymer system. These materials are critical to improving the robustness as well as the overall strength and stiffness of composite materials. In green composites, natural fibers such as jute, flax, ramie, and sisal can be used as a reinforcement component. These biofibers are embedded in the polymer matrix, forming a dispersed phase that absorbs stress and improves the mechanical integrity of the composite [5]. The characteristics and structure of the fibers depend on several factors, including its volume ratio, orientation, shape, and bonding to the
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