OBRABOTKAMETALLOV TECHNOLOGY Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 to human beings [4]. Dry machining is an alternative to conventional cooling to ensure clean metal cutting operations without any environmental and worker health problems [5–7]. Some researchers have conducted metal cutting under dry conditions and found positive results in terms of machining performance. However, in most cases, dry machining with large cutting depths and high speeds cannot be the preferred method, since machining under such conditions reduces tool life [8–9]. In view of the above, a potential method of minimum quantity coolant (MQL) turning aims to reduce the consumption of cutting fl uid. In this method, a small amount of cutting fl uid is supplied to the machining zone. Generally, base fl uids have good lubricating properties, but its low cooling capacity limits its use in high-speed cutting operations using MQL. Currently, nanometer-sized are combined with traditional fl uids to improve performance [10–13]. Song et al. [14] added multi-walled carbon nanotubes to conventional cutting fl uid and found a 200 % improvement in thermal conductivity. Usluer et al. [15] investigated the eff ect of hybrid nanofl uid in MQL turning. The results showed that the feed rate had the most signifi cant eff ect on the cutting force and axial thrust force (86.8 and 65 %, respectively), while the cutting conditions had the greatest eff ect on the cutting temperature (93.2%). Senkan et al. [16] added silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles to sunfl ower oil and used the resulting hybrid nanocoolant in turning AISI 304 steel. The results showed that the surface roughness was greatly aff ected by the feed rate. The cooling method had a signifi cant eff ect on the cutting zone temperature and tool wear. Ngoc et al. [17] investigated the performance of Al2O3/MoS2 hybrid nanofl uid and Al2O3 and MoS2 mono-nanofl uids in MQL turning of 90CrSi steel parts. The results showed that lower cutting temperature was observed and the surface roughness and cutting force were less. Junankar et al. [18] investigated the eff ect of vegetable oil-based nanofl uid on MQL turning of bearing steel. The hybrid nanofl uid reduced the surface roughness and cutting temperature by 65 and 11 %, respectively. Ibrahim et al. [19] investigated the eff ect of rice bran oil on the machining performance of AISI D3 steel turning. The experimental results showed that the cutting force was reduced by 18.48 %, the tool wear was reduced by 51.96 %, and the machined surface roughness was reduced by 12.84 %. Ngol [20] evaluated the machining performance of 90CrSi steel under MQL by adding Al2O3 and MoS2 nanoparticles into the base liquid soybean oil and emulsion. The results showed that MQL turning with the nanofl uid made of MoS2, emulsion and soybean could signifi cantly reduce the total cutting force. Pasam and Neelam [21] studied the machining performance of titanium alloys using hybrid cutting fl uids based on vegetable oil. The developed cutting fl uids reduced the cutting force and cutting temperature, increased the microhardness of the machined surface and favorable residual stresses. Usca [22] studied the machining performance of Dillimax 690T material using a cellulose nanocrystal-based nanofl uid under MQL. According to the test results, signifi cant cutting temperature, surface roughness, tool wear and energy consumption were observed. Singh et al. [23] studied the eff ect of nanoparticle concentration on turning of Hastelloy C-276 under MQL. The study found that higher nanoparticle concentration improved thermal conductivity by 12.28 %, surface roughness by 27.88 %, temperature by 16.8 % and tool wear by 22.5 %. Das et al. [24] evaluated the turning performance of AISI 4340 steel using four diff erent nanofl uid compositions under MQL. The authors found that CuO nanofl uid had superior eff ect on cutting force and tool wear. Bai et al. [25] evaluated the milling performance of Al2O3 and cottonseed oil based nanofl uids under MQL. The results showed that the surface roughness was 1.63 μm at 0.5 wt. % Al2O3 in cottonseed oil. Researchers have tried to investigate the machining performance using various vegetable oils such as sunfl ower, soybean and cottonseed ones. However, the machining performance using corn oil has not been studied. The aim of this study is to use copper oxide-aluminum oxide hybrid nanoparticles (CuO/Al2O3) in combination with corn oil. The work also investigated the thermal, antifriction and antiwear properties of the hybrid nanofl uids in diff erent concentrations and its eff ect on the machining of SS 304 steel. Methods First, a cutting fl uid was prepared using 30 nm diameter CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles supplied by Platonic Nanotech in Jharkhand, India. The mixing ratio of corn oil with CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles
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