OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 26 No. 4 2024 TECHNOLOGY printing orientation, speed, and discretization method (layer by layer or fi lament) on warpage, residual stress, defl ection, and mechanical behavior [17]. Sandanamsamy et al. examined the FDM printing process parameters on the tensile properties of PLA materials [18]. Meltem [19] studied the eff ects of FDM printing orientation on the tensile properties and printing time of a PLA part. The tensile strength decreased when the printing orientation of the parts was changed from horizontal to vertical and from 0° to 90° print angle (Figure 1). The tensile strength of the vertically printed part was 36 % lower than that of the horizontally printed part due to the load direction and failure mode. a b Fig. 1. FDM printing parameters: a – printing orientations; b – raster direction angle equal to 0° and layer thickness. Source: (Chacón et al. [20]) To ensure consistent and high-quality results, advanced manufacturing processes like fused deposition modeling (FDM) are being implemented in enterprises globally. For this reason, it is essential to understand how the various components interact and how it aff ects the quality of the fi nal form. Wear behavior analysis of PLA parts has many applications in biomedicine, prosthetics, tissue engineering, and other industries. The 3D printed PLA biomaterial needs to be thoroughly investigated for its potential use as a hip arthroplasty material through wear behavior and mechanical properties analysis. The purpose of the work: This study examined the eff ect of printing orientation on the wear behavior of PLA biomaterial obtained by fused deposition modeling (FDM) under dry sliding friction conditions using the pin-on-disk (SS 316) scheme. In order to forecast the performance of both empirical and experimentally obtained models, the eff ect of sliding speed and load was taken into account. The grey relational analysis was used to determine the ideal parameters. The FDM 3D printing and wear testing equipment available at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, India was used in the study. Further research is focused on the wear behavior study using composite materials to improve the wear rate performance [21–27]. 3D printing of composite biomaterial can be used to develop an implant with higher stability. Investigation Technique The pin-on-disc tribometer is a proven device for analyzing sliding wear and wear characteristics of the material. The working principle of the pin-on-disc tribometer is that the disk rotates at a constant speed while the pin remains stationary under a given load, and wear starts due to the relative motion between the pin and the disk. A linear variable diff erential transducer (LVDT) is used at the other end of the setup to record the displacement. This machine measures the coeffi cient of friction, friction force, wear rate,
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