OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 27 No. 1 2025 Conventional mineral oil-based cutting fluids often contain hazardous components such as bactericides, wetting agents, preservatives, and extreme pressure additives, posing risks to the environment and worker health [7]. Furthermore, the recycling and disposal of used cutting fluids contribute to environmental pollution [8]. This has led to increasing interest in alternative lubrication methods for turning operations [9]. Vegetable oil-based lubricants offer an attractive alternative due to their lubricating properties, costeffectiveness, and biodegradability, particularly when used under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions [10]. MQL can serve as a substitute for flood cooling in terms of tool performance, cost, environmental impact, health, and safety. The use of eco-friendly lubricants and lubrication techniques can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the turning industry while improving machining efficiency and product quality [11]. Several lubricating fluids, including mineral, natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic oils, are commonly used in turning operations. Researchers have extensively investigated the performance of these fluids. For example, Manikanta et al. [12] found that using maize oil under MQL conditions in turning SS 304 steel improved cutting force, temperature, and tool life compared to dry cutting. Wang et al. [13] investigated the impact of various vegetable oils (soybean, peanut, maize, rapeseed, palm, castor, and sunflower) on the grinding of nickel alloy under MQL. Their findings indicated that coconut oil was readily absorbed into the tools and workpieces and exhibited excellent lubricating effect, while castor oil outperformed other grinding fluids in terms of lubrication and workpiece surface quality. Shaikh and Siddhu [14] reported favorable results when machining D2 steel with a non-edible vegetable oil-based cutting fluid, observing comparable surface finishes for mineral oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil (variations less than 10 %). Puttaswamy and Ramachandra [15] explored the feasibility of using Mahua oil and Neem oil as drilling fluids for AISI 304L under MQL at 2 bar pressure, concluding that neem and mahua oil performed better than traditional cutting fluids in all aspects. Li et al. [16] investigated MQL grinding experiments with pure vegetable oil, finding that palm oil was the most suitable base oil for MQL grinding of high-temperature nickel alloy based on energy ratio coefficient and grinding temperature. Similarly, Babu et al. [17] found that olive oil reduced surface roughness and tool wear during milling of AISI 304 steel with MQL, and Radhika et al. [18] observed improved surface quality and reduced cutting force when using sesame oil as a cutting fluid during turning of AISI 1014 steel. Guo et al. [19] investigated six different oils combined with castor oil for MQL grinding, revealing that nanoparticles exhibit excellent tribological properties and thermal conductivity. The addition of nanoparticles can significantly enhance the thermal conductivity and lubricating properties of vegetable oils, improving machining performance [20–21]. Research has focused on the effects of adding nanoparticles to eco-friendly vegetable oils to improve cutting efficiency under MQL. Nam et al. [22] investigated the use of nanofluid MQL in micro-drilling, finding that it led to a significant decrease in drilling torques and thrust forces, as well as an increase in the number of drilled holes, and effectively eliminated remaining chips and burrs, thereby improving the overall quality of drilled holes. Shen et al. [23] dispersed MoS2, diamond, and Al2O3 nanoparticles in vegetable oil to examine forces and tool abrasion in near-dry grinding, finding that MQL using 100 nm diamond nanoparticles at a 1.5 % volume fraction resulted in the greatest force reduction. Vasu et al. [24] investigated the effect of MQL with nano-Al2O3 on the surface quality of Inconel 600, finding that a higher volume fraction of nano-Al2O3 in vegetable oil correlated with improved surface quality. Ni et al. [25] added graphene to castor, corn, and rapeseed oil at varying mass fractions to enhance MQL tapping of ADC12 aluminum alloy, discovering that a 0.5 wt % concentration of graphene yielded the lowest average torque, regardless of the base oil used. High-quality thread surfaces were also achieved with a suspension MQL based on 0.5 wt% castor oil. Zhang et al. [26] created Al2O3 nanofluids by milling Ti6Al-4V under MQL conditions with cryogenic air, finding that the combination of nanofluids and cryogenic air demonstrated superior grinding performance compared to either cryogenic air or Al2O3 nanofluids alone. Manojkumar and Ghosh [27] added multi-walled carbon nanotubes to sunflower oil to grind AISI 52100 steel using small-quantity cooling lubrication (SQCL), showing that the developed liquid improved the workpiece’s surface quality and the wheel’s service life [28].
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