OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 27 No. 1 2025 technology Sustainable practices are crucial in the machining industry, and selecting appropriate cutting fluids is essential for minimizing environmental impact. While previous studies have largely focused on the use of green cutting fluids in various machining operations (turning, milling, drilling, reaming, and grinding), investigations on various vegetable oils with nanoparticle additions and varying ratios are limited. This study aims to address this research gap by employing both pure vegetable oil and vegetable oil-based nanofluids in MQL-assisted machining. The goal of the present study is to determine the optimal vegetable oil for use as a green cutting fluid and evaluate different nanoparticle combinations and ratios to improve machining performance, thus offering a novel perspective on cutting fluid formulations for enhanced machining results. Methods AISI 1014 steel was used as the workpiece material in the turning operation. Corn oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, and neem oil served as the base fluids. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO, 99.5 % purity, 30‑50 nm size range), aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3, 99.5 % purity, 30‑50 nm size range) were supplied by Platonic Nanotech Private Limited Laboratory, India. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, 99.9 % purity, 5‑20 nm size range, powdered), and graphene nanoparticles (99.5 % purity, 5‑10 nm size range) were supplied by the same laboratory. Pure corn oil was used as the base fluid, to which nanoparticles were subsequently added to create the nano cutting fluids. The concentrations of mixed powder particles in the base fluid were calculated as follows: 0.20 wt. %, 0.40 wt. %, 0.60 wt. %, 0.80 wt. %, and 1 wt. %. The nanofluids were blended using a magnetic stirrer for three hours followed by ultrasonication for six hours to achieve a uniform and stable suspension. A fresh sample of the stable nanofluid dispersion was used for each test to prevent agglomeration or sedimentation. MQL was implemented on a lathe machine for turning AISI 1014 steel. The schematic diagram of the experimental setup and details of the turning zone are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. A coated carbide insert (SNMG120408 NSU) was mechanically clamped onto a rigid tool holder (PSBNR2525M-12). An MQL system consisting of a compressor, flow controller, air dryer, and spray nozzle was used in the machining zone for lubrication. The air supply pressure was 5 bar, and the nanofluid flow rate was 20 ml/ min. The spray nozzle was positioned 4 cm above the tool rake face. Machining parameters (cutting force, cutting temperature, and surface roughness) were examined during turning using a Turn Master 35 Center lathe machine (KIRLOSKAR) in a mist of different concentration nano cutting fluids. Tests were repeated at least three times, and the average results were recorded. Cutting Fig. 1. Experimental methodology
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