OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 27 No. 1 2025 Fig. 8. Surface roughness when using different nanofluids 0.8 wt. % of graphene nanofluid, the cutting temperature decreased to 31 °C, i.e. by 54.2%. This is attributed to improved lubrication; nanoparticles on the metal surface formed a robust lubricant film, leading to better heat dispersion. The higher thermal conductivity and improved lubrication from increased graphene concentration reduced friction and heat generation. However, at 1 wt. % graphene concentration, the cutting temperature increased to 32 °C compared to 0.8 wt.%, primarily because of nanoparticle agglomeration, which impaired the nanofluid’s performance. Conclusion This study reports on turning experiments on AISI 1014 steel under MQL condition, using five vegetable oils. Corn oil was selected as the base oil, and nanofluids were created by adding CuO, Al2O3, graphene, Fig. 9. Cutting temperature when using different nanofluids
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