OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 27 No. 1 2025 technology throughout the volume of the part, especially pronounced when using heat-resistant alloys. Work [26] has shown that milling of WAAM-produced Ti6Al4V alloy workpiecies results in significant tool wear (e.g., Al2O3/Si3N4 sialon end milling cutter) compared to machining forged or cast specimens. This increased abrasiveness is due to both the heterogeneity of the microstructure and the presence of residual stresses arising from the wire depositing process. The increased hardness of lockated zones, microcracks, and uneven phase distribution contribute to the rapid cutting tool wear. To reduce wear and increase tool life when machining heat-resistant alloys produced by WAAM, several strategies can be employed [27, 28]. These include optimizing cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut), utilizing modern highstrength and wear-resistant tool materials, and employing effective cooling systems, such as cryogenic cooling. The selection of an optimal strategy depends on the specific heat-resistant alloy, the required machining quality, and economic considerations. It is crucial to consider that for heat-resistant alloys characterized by high hardness and strength, enhanced tool life is a critical factor affecting productivity and economic efficiency of the machining process [29]. One approach to reduce tool wear when machining parts produced by WAAM is to optimize the wire depositing process parameters to obtain the required surface properties. By controlling the process parameters (wire depositing speed, electron beam parameters, substrate temperature, etc.), it is possible to influence the microstructure formation and, consequently, the hardness and abrasiveness of the surface. This is especially relevant for heat-resistant alloys, where the inhomogeneity of the structure determines the intensity of tool wear. To quantitatively analyze the microhardness heterogeneity in heat-resistant alloy billets obtained by WAAM, special data aggregation techniques have been developed and applied to estimate the average hardness values and their variations in different zones of the part [30]. This approach makes it possible to predict tool wear more accurately and optimize machining modes. Theuseof combinedadditivemanufacturing techniques, combiningdifferentwiredepositing technologies or adding intermediate processing steps, can help to obtain a more homogeneous structure and thus improve the machinability of heat-resistant alloys. However, despite these efforts, studies [31] show that machining of heat-resistant alloy blanks produced by additive manufacturing methods (WAAM, SLM, etc.) is often accompanied by an increase in cutting forces compared to machining of parts produced by traditional methods (forging, casting). This is explained not only by the inhomogeneity of the structure, but also by the presence of residual stresses, micropores, and other defects characteristic of additive technologies. The work [31] confirms the high variability of cutting forces when machining WAAM blanks, even when using the same machining modes, which emphasizes the importance of individual selection of cutting parameters for each specific part. There is very limited research on subtractive machining of parts produced by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). This is due to a number of factors, including the difficulty in predicting material properties after wire depositing and the need for specific machining methods that take into account microstructure features. In particular, the use of WAAM to create workpieces from heat- and corrosionresistant alloys such as Inconel 625 presents additional challenges due to the high hardness and strength of the material. Therefore, the development and optimization of machining modes for Inconel 625 billets produced by the WAAM method is an urgent task requiring a comprehensive approach. The need to determine optimal cutting parameters to minimize tool wear, increase productivity, and ensure the required surface quality makes this topic particularly significant for the development of additive technologies and their industrial applications. The aim of this work is to determine the milling modes for Inconel 625 workpieces produced by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) through conducted research. Materials and methods Five specimens were printed to investigate the cutting forces generated during the machining of Inconel 625 workpieces produced by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The geometric dimensions of each specimen were 25 mm (height) × 75 mm (width) × 25 mm (length). This shape and dimensions
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