OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 27 No. 1 2025 technology directly related to the parameters of the wire arc additive manufacturing process and affect the mechanical properties of the material. The resulting micrographs were used to quantitatively analyze the microstructure, including measuring grain size, determining the degree of dendritic structure, and estimating the volume fraction of secondary phases. Study of cutting forces in milling operations The experimental study of milling was carried out on a high-precision CNC-comtrolled machining model CONCEPTMill 155, manufactured by EMCO. This model was chosen because of its high rigidity, positioning accuracy, and the possibility of conducting controlled experiments. A highly sensitive sixcomponent dynamometer Kistler 9257B (Switzerland) was used for precise measurement of cutting forces during milling. This sensor has high sensitivity (7.5 N) and low measurement error (± 0.005%), which ensured the reliability of the obtained data. Processing and analysis of experimental data were carried out with the help of specialized software DynoWare, which allows carrying out complex analysis of cutting forces, to reveal their dynamic characteristics, and to take into account the influence of various machining parameters. The total variation in cutting force measurements was limited to 15 %, primarily attributed to challenges in precisely controlling milling parameters (cutting width and depth) and to the unavoidable tool wear resulting from repeated experiments. A carbide end mill with a diameter of 8 mm produced by MION was chosen as the cutting tool. This end mill was chosen for its high strength and wear resistance, essential for machining the high-strength and abrasive Inconel 625 alloy.The carbide material of the cutter consisted primarily of tungsten carbides, which provide high hardness and wear resistance of the cutting edge, and a cobalt binder (approximately 8 %), which is responsible for the strength and cohesion of the carbide grains. The end mill design included four teeth, which provided a sufficient material removal rate but required careful control of cutting parameters to prevent overheating and vibrations. The geometry of the end mill (sharpening angle, front and back angles) was standard for this type of tool and was not modified for this study. This particular tool was chosen due to its availability, well-studied characteristics, and suitable parameters for this study. The helix angle (ω) was 35º, the back angle was 5º, and the front angle was 7º. Dry milling was employed in the experiments. Results and Discussion Fabrication of Samples by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) and Subsequent Microstructural Characterization Samples were initially fabricated for this investigation. Five samples were obtained using WAAM technology to carry out the required amount of research. The photograph of the obtained billet and the scheme of sampling for metallographic studies are shown in Fig. 1. a b Fig. 1. Photograph of a printed workpiece (a) using WAAM technology and a diagram of the sample cutout (b) for research
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