OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 27 No. 1 2025 Numerous methods exist to further improve the properties of cast iron using various technologies [2–4], for example, applying a protective titanium nitride coating [5], normalizing the cast iron [6], and applying diffusion carbide-containing coatings [7] among others. However, these methods have the disadvantage of poor adhesion of the coating with the substrate material (cast iron) [8–10]. To improve the properties of cast iron and harden its surface, as well as to create a quality bond between the surface layer and the base material, it is proposed to employ the method of ion implantation [11–13]. Ion implantation is a technology that allows for modifying materials properties by “bombarding” its surface with high-energy ions. In the case of cast iron, ions of various elements are used as “projectiles” which become embedded in its surface layer. As a result of ion implantation, not just a coating is formed, but a deeply modified alloy with variable composition. This alloy differs from conventional coatings in that there is no clear boundary between the original material and the modified layer. Instead of an abrupt transition, a gradual change in composition and properties is observed into the depth of the material. This gradual change enables a more uniform distribution of improved properties throughout the depth of the modified layer. Studies indicate that the thickness of such a modified layer can reach 150–200 µm, which makes ion implantation an excellent tool for improving the wear resistance and strength of parts [14, 15]. The use of the ion implantation method ensures improvement in the mechanical properties of the material, increasing its hardness, strength and wear resistance. This process also facilitates improved adhesion between the surface layer and the base material, which increases the resistance to corrosion and external factors [16–18]. Ion implantation is widely used in industry to modify the properties of various materials such as different steels and alloys including cast iron. This method is an effective way to improve surface quality and overall material performance, making it an attractive choice for use in various industries that require improved wear resistance, hardness, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and other surface properties of materials [19–22]. While effective, ion implantation is not without its challenges. One of the key problems is the unpredictability of its results. Unlike other methods of materials processing, where the effect of parameters on properties is easily modelled, ion implantation is characterized by significant variability in outcomes. This is due to the fact that in the process of implantation ions interact with the material at the atomic level, and its behavior under various conditions can be quite complex. To date, no universal model fully describes the mechanism of strengthening resulting from ion implantation, nor does one accurately predict the results. Frequently, ions do not behave as expected, necessitating careful experimental verification for each specific case [23]. However, it should be noted that the process success hinges on process parameters such as ion dose and energy. Despite the difficulties related to the predictability and results of the process, ion implantation remains an important technique for improving material properties and creating new functional surfaces. It is important to choose the right process parameters to achieve the desired results and further application of this technique [24, 25]. To solve the problem of hardening the surface layer of cast iron products and parts, it is necessary to conduct preliminary studies that will show the regularities of formation of the structure and properties of implanted surfaces. The aim of this work was to determine the technological parameters of surface treatment of cast iron workpieces using ion implantation (optimal radiation dose and beam energy) that allow for increasing the strength properties of the surface layer. To achieve this aim, a number of objectives were accomplished: 1. The optimum mode of nitrogen ion implantation in grey cast iron was determined, and the optimal radiation dose and beam energy for achieving maximum strength of the surface layer were established. 2. The effect of ion implantation on the microstructure of gray cast iron was studied, and an analysis of changes in the microstructure was performed, including the fragmentation of pearlite colonies, the formation of a diffusion layer, and the burnout of graphite inclusions. 3. An assessment of the change in microhardness of the cast iron surface after implantation was performed, the dependence of microhardness on the implantation dose was determined, and an analysis of its distribution over the depth of the modified layer was conducted.
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