OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 27 No. 1 2025 a b Fig. 2. DLP 3D Printing method: DLP 3DPrint (a), Wash and Cure Machine (b) The initial layer curing time was 30 seconds, followed by 10 seconds for each subsequent layer. ASTMcompliant pins (10 mm diameter and 15 mm height) were printed under controlled conditions to ensure uniform size and shape. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) To enhance the electrical conductivity of non-metallic samples, a thin layer of gold (Au) was applied to the surface using a sputtering method. The gold layer, approximately 10 nm thick, was deposited using an ion sputtering device. This step is necessary to minimize charging effects that can occur during SEM analysis, which can lead to image distortions and reduced resolution. Gold was selected due to its high electrical conductivity and minimal interaction with the electron beam. The operating principle of the Zeus SEM instrument is illustrated in Fig. 3. SEM analysis was performed using a Zeus field-emission scanning electron microscope, which is characterized by high resolution and versatility in materials science. The microscope’s operating accelerating voltage was 20 kV. This voltage value was chosen as an optimal compromise between the need for high-resolution imaging and ensuring sufficient penetration depth of the electron beam into the sample material. The use of lower voltages may be insufficient for penetration, Fig. 3. Working principle of scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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