OBRABOTKAMETALLOV technology Vol. 27 No. 2 2025 Binders The main function of binders is to provide cohesion of the composite components and adhesion to other structural elements. Binders provide the necessary structural integrity of the brake pad material when exposed to thermal and mechanical loads. The binder should have good flowability during pressing and curing to ensure uniform distribution and bonding of components. Friction composites are characterized by good adhesion and high heat resistance, which are provided by the use of polymer binders. The choice of polymer binder type is essential for the effective operation of the braking system in a wide range of operating conditions [2–10]. Friction Modifier Friction modifiers are additives that affect the friction and wear characteristics of brake pads. They play an important role in regulating frictional properties such as noise level, brake pedal feel, and abrasiveness (aggressiveness) towards the counterface. To ensure the efficient operation of the braking system, it is necessary to maintain an optimal ratio of lubricating and abrasive components in the friction material [2–10]. Graphite plays an important role in reducing wear in brake friction materials. It increases the stability of the coefficient of friction over a wide temperature range, minimizes noise, and prevents stick-slip behavior, ensuring smoother braking [3–6]. Selection of Suitable Combinations of Ingredients Fig. 2 presents the expected properties of components, determining their suitability for use in brake friction composites. Fig. 2. Expected properties of components in brake friction composites The selection of optimal combinations of components for brake friction composites is based on the following criteria: – High braking efficiency: providing the necessary braking force, minimizing noise, and reducing dust and particulate emissions. – High operational reliability (durability): resistance to wear, high temperatures, and other environmental factors. Composites based on aramid fibers with copper filler exhibit good operational reliability (durability) due to the high wear resistance of copper and the strength of aramid fiber. This combination provides high braking efficiency, as well as reduces noise and dust emissions [7]. The use of basalt fiber with calcium carbonate filler provides an acceptable level of operational reliability (durability) due to the high heat resistance of basalt and the wear resistance of calcium carbonate [8]. Figs. 3, a and 3, b show samples of aramid and basalt fibers, respectively. The mechanical properties of aramid and basalt fibers are presented in Table 1 [9].
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