OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 7 No. 2 2025 List of symbols f Feed rate (mm/rev) Vc Cutting speed (m/min) Q Flow Rate (ml/hr) Vf SiC Volume Fraction (%) Fx Thrust force (N) T Torque (Nm) Ra Surface roughness (µm) Bh Bur height (mm) Cr Circularity (mm) RSM Response surface methodology CCD Central composite design Introduction The main purpose of cutting fluid is to provide cooling and lubrication effects in the machining zone. A cutting fluid may reduce tool wear, enhance surface finish, and also contribute to evacuating chips from the machining zone, which supports sustainable machining. However, due to ecological concerns and increasing regulations over contamination and pollution, the demand for renewable and eco-friendly cutting fluids is increasing [1‑4]. The “term sustainable manufacturing” refers to the creation of products using non-polluting methods and systems, while also preserving energy and natural resources. Such a model must be financially viable, harmless, and healthful for operators [4‑5]. In cutting of few difficult-to-cut materials, the heat generation produces other concerns such as thermal cracks and dimensional inaccuracy. Heat dispersal in machines is usually attained by the application of cutting fluids. However, the rising concern has led governments and allied organizations to impose stringent rules and guidelines to oversee the use, recycling, and discarding of cutting fluids. Hence, the industry aims at switching from wet cooling to more economical yet environmentally friendly alternatives. These options include MQL, environmentally friendly cutting fluids, nano-cutting fluids, dry cutting, etc. [6‑10]. The MQL method is an attractive alternative in which a very small quantity of cutting fluid is applied to the machining zone through a nozzle. In MQL, cutting fluid is delivered to the machining area drop by drop or as mist. When applied as mist, cutting fluid is atomized by a jet of air, and the mist is directed at the cutting zone. Extensive research has been conducted on MQL techniques [11‑12]. Many researchers have used vegetable oil along with MQL because vegetable oil is a potential source of environmentally favorable cutting fluid due to a combination of biodegradability, renewability, and excellent lubrication performance [13‑15]. Recently, non-edible oils used in cutting processes have performed better than traditional machining oils owing to their high lubricity, which creates a strong intermolecular interface on the workpiece. Nonedible oils such as Neem oil, Karanja oil, Jatropha oil, Castor oil, and Cotton seed oil have been researched and found to be good alternatives to conventional oils in terms of functionality [16‑19]. For example, Al2O3 nanoparticles of 20 nm size were used in soybean oil with a volume fraction of 1.5 % in base oil. Trials show that NMQL provides less friction power at tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces due to the rolling effect of nanoparticles and superior cooling performance. In addition, nano-fluid MQL effectively removes chips and burrs to improve the surface quality of holes and also increases tool life by achieving the lowest tool wear [20‑22].
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