OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Том 23 № 3 2021 EQUIPMEN . INSTRUM TS Vol. 7 No. 2 2025 Multi-component specimens were printed using an electron beam generated by an electron gun through a magnetic focusing system that forms a sweep on the surface in the printing area, forming a melt pool. The wire was fed from a feeder. As a result, a pattern consisting of layer-by-layer deposited material was formed on the substrate. By varying the parameters during EBAM, this method is potentially suitable for producing materials with controlled structure and improved mechanical or performance characteristics. The printing parameters (sweep size, voltage, scanning frequency, current and wire feed rate) used to fabricate the vertical wall are summarized in Table 2. Ta b l e 2 EBAM process parameters Material Interface Sweep shape Sweep size, mm Voltage U, kV Scanning frequency, Hz Current, mA Deposition speed υ, mm/min AISI 321-M1 Sharp / smooth / composite Ellipse 5 30 1,000 90‑45 250‑440 AISI 321- Cu-9 Al-2 Mn 80‑42 250‑440 0.09 C-2 Mn-Si - Cu-9 Al-2 Mn 85‑45 250‑400 For visualization of the quality of grown bimetallic specimens with different designs, a Pentax K-3 digital camera with a 100 mm focal length lens was used. Results and discussion A comprehensive understanding of the formation of specific structures and their design in the additive manufacturing process opens up extensive opportunities for obtaining bimetals with desired properties in specific parts of components, enabling the production of more efficient engineering products [12, 13]. Fig. 2 schematically shows some currently possible combinations for multi-material products in additive manufacturing.Dependingon theproduct’s purpose and requirements, variousmaterial depositiongeometries and interface designs can be applied. As mentioned above, the simplest and most common interface design is sharp (Fig. 2, a). It is also possible to obtain a smooth interface between dissimilar materials (Fig. 2, b). Heterogeneous structures can also be obtained by simultaneously feeding dissimilar immiscible materials, using powder wire, or adding metal powder to the matrix material (Fig. 2, c). In particular, using inserts of a second material in the “matrix” of the first (separate areas of the product are printed by sequential deposition of the second material, while the remaining volume is printed with the first material). To create a more complex interface design, alternating dissimilar materials can be used, forming a layered structure (Fig. 2, d). The structure design can represent a periodic alternation of dissimilar bands (one through one, one through two, one through three... two through two, two through three, etc.). 3D printing of sequential layers with different materials is further relevant when creating volumetric products through the formation of adjacent (contiguous) columns or blocks. In practical applications, it may be desirable or even necessary to have three or more compositions, which is not difficult for additive manufacturing, which provides unprecedented freedom of structural design during fabrication. To form a specific design of the structure of dissimilar materials, it is necessary to know the physical and mechanical properties of metals and alloys for additive manufacturing in order to unlock the full true potential and obtain a defect-free product [14]. For example, the manufacture of bimetallic specimens based on iron and copper alloys can provide unique material properties by combining the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of copper with the high strength of steel (Table 3). However, the extremely
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk0ODM1