OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 27 No. 2 2025 wear. Similarly, elevated temperature results in thermal softening, which contributes to increased wear. However, the wear rate remains stable within a moderate range of operating parameters. Fig. 8, a represents the effect of load on the specific wear rate at a constant temperature of 130 °C and a speed of 700 rpm. It is observed that material M1 has insufficient reinforcement against the wear and is sensitive to the interface pressure; hence, it shows a sharp increase in wear at higher loading conditions. However, the better load-bearing capacity of material M2 makes it performeffectively under different loading conditions. Similarly, material M2 shows thermal stability due to its reinforcement against the temperature variations. However, due to thermal softening, material M1 degrades and shows poor performance against the temperature. Material M2 also shows effective resistance to variations in the speed. It is clarified that material M3 performs moderately against the different operating conditions. a b c Fig. 8. Specific wear rate (a) constant temperature 130 °C and speed 700 rpm (b) constant load 115 N and speed 700 rpm and (c) constant load 115 N and temperature 130 °C Archard’s wear model is integrated with finite element analysis simulation using a volume probe to determine the incremental wear. Archard’s wear model principally calculates the wear volume based on the contact region, overall sliding distance, and stress distribution, while FEA estimates the volume loss based on the surface interactions. The volume probe, a more refined approach, estimates the wear volume, taking into consideration the local variations in the contact conditions such as coefficient of friction and hardness. This enhances the predictive ability of the simulation model. Fig. 9, a represents a typical pin-on-disc arrangement, which is widely used to study wear behavior under controlled operating conditions. The disc, modeled as a rigid body, is assigned a revolute joint, whereas the flexible body pin is given a translation motion in a vertical direction along the disc. Fig. 9, b shows refined meshing near the contact region of the pin and disc to obtain accurate deformation and stresses to ensure computational accuracy of the model. Fig. 9, c represents the pressure distribution on the disc under transient structural loading conditions. The load is effectively distributed between the pin and the disc at the contact region. The pin surface is subjected to effective deformation under the concentrated loading condition, as shown in Fig. 9, d.
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