OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 27 No. 3 2025 using scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning microscopy, respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed to identify the features of the sample condition after friction. Results and Discussion Based on previously obtained results [21] from metallographic studies, it was established that the structure of the printed bronze consists of α-Cu(Al) solid solution grains with a size of approximately 75 μm, interspersed with layers of a secondary phase. Upon examination of the fine structure using transmission electron microscopy, it was revealed that the printed bronze (Sample 1) exhibits laths representing α/β eutectoid lamellae, in which the decomposition β→γ2+ α has occurred (Fig. 1, a). The high dislocation density and two overlapping systems of deformation twins (Fig. 1, b) are a result of multi-directional forging (Sample 2). Rolling (Sample 3) creates a high dislocation density and deformation twins within the material (Fig. 1, c). Primary systems of deformation twins can be disrupted due to the high degree of deformation and replaced by secondary ones, which are significantly smaller than those formed during the multi-directional forging stage. In Sample 4 (Fig. 1, d), one system of deformation twins predominates, remaining intact even after annealing, indicating their sufficiently high stability with respect to heating. In Sample 5 (Fig. 1, e), stacking faults, recrystallized submicron grains, and annealing microtwins were formed in the material. These structural changes indicate that the high degree of deformation promoted recrystallization of grains even during annealing below the recrystallization temperature. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the influence of the SPD method and subsequent heat treatment on the phase composition of the printed bronze. The X-ray diffraction patterns clearly show intense reflections of the α-Cu(Al) phase, with the (111) peak being the highest, indirectly indicating the absence of a growth texture (Fig. 2, a). Upon detailed examination, reflections of γ2-Cu9Al4 were also identified, which are only found in samples of the as-printed bronze (Sample 1, Figs. 2, c, d) and samples after multi-directional а b c d e Fig. 1. TEM images of the typical microstructure of Cu-Al-Si-Mn bronze samples. Sample 1 (a), sample 2 (b), sample 3 (c), sample 4 (d) and sample 5 (e)
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