OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 27 No. 3 2025 sample 1 (Fig. 10) exhibited the lowest wear resistance, supported by the highest wear area value of 87,084 μm², significantly exceeding the respective values of the other examined samples. The wear on the sample after multi-side forging (Fig. 10, sample 2) was notably lower, measuring 34,545 μm². The sample’s wear after rolling (Fig. 10, sample 3) was the lowest at 26,732 μm². Following heat treatment after multi-side forging, the wear of the specimen (Fig. 10, sample 4) increased to 40,869 μm². Following heat treatment after rolling, the wear of the sample (Fig. 10, sample 5) increased to 40,124 μm². These experimental data confirm that incremental plastic deformation (IPD) results in reduced bronze wear compared to the printed condition. Heat treatment, in turn, increased the wear of samples relative to their deformed state. Conclusion This study investigated the effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) on the structural state, mechanical properties, and tribological performance of a Cu-Al-Si-Mn copper alloy fabricated by electron beam additive manufacturing. The experimental results established a correlation between the microstructure, tensile mechanical properties, and tribological behavior of the bronze alloy under unlubricated sliding friction. 1. SPD via multi-side forging and rolling resulted in a high density of dislocations and deformation twins within the material. 2. Annealing at 400 °C following multi-side forging led to partial recrystallization of the material; however, a system of deformation twins remained, demonstrating considerable structural stability. Lowtemperature annealing at 400 °C after rolling resulted in the development of stacking faults, recrystallized submicron grains, and annealing micro-twins within the material. 3. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that rolling and annealing induced deformation dissolution of secondary phases (β- and γ-phases), resulting in the Cu-Al-Si-Mn alloy becoming a single-phase consisting of the α-phase of face-centered cubic (FCC) copper. 4. Multi-side forging and rolling enhanced the tensile strength of the bronze alloy by factors of 1.43 and 2.24, respectively, while reducing its relative elongation by factors of 2.6 and 4.5 compared to the as-printed condition. 5. Annealing had a minimal impact on the strength of the post-SPD samples, whereas their ductility increased by approximately 5–13.6% relative to the deformed condition. 6. SPD via multi-side forging followed by rolling increased the microhardness of the bronze by 46% and 80%, respectively, compared to the as-printed samples. Annealing the sample at 400 °C after multi-side forging led to a 15.6% increase in microhardness. Annealing the sample at 400 °C after rolling resulted in a 12% decrease in microhardness. 7. Multi-side forging and rolling reduced wear by factors of 2.5 and 3.3, respectively, compared to the alloy in its as-printed state. Annealing increased the wear of the alloy by a factor of 1.5. 8. Based on these findings, a processing route involving a combination of multi-side forging, followed by rolling and low-temperature annealing, is proposed to enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of the Cu-Al-Si-Mn copper alloy. These experimental results provide valuable insights for developing practical strategies aimed at significantly improving the strength properties and wear resistance of bronzes in the CuAl-Si-Mn system, fabricated using electron beam additive manufacturing. References 1. Osintsev O.E., Fedorov V.N. Med’ i mednye splavy: otechestvennye i zarubezhnye marki [Copper and copper alloys. domestic and foreign brands]. 2nd ed., rev. Moscow, Innovatsionnoe mashinostroenie Publ., 2016. 360 p. ISBN 978-5-9907638-3-8. 2. Kolubaev E.A., Rubtsov V.E., Chumaevsky A.V., Astafurova E.G. Micro-, Meso- and macrostructural design of bulk metallic and polymetallic mate-rials by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing. Physical Mesomechanics, 2022, vol. 25 (6), pp. 479–491. DOI: 10.1134/S1029959922060017. 3. Qu S., An X.H., Yang H.J., Huang C.X., Yang G., Zang Q.S., Wang Z.G., Wu S.D., Zhang Z.F. Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Cu-Al alloys subjected to equal channel angular pressing. Acta Materialia, 2009, vol. 57 (5), pp. 1586–1601. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.12.002.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk0ODM1