OBRABOTKAMETALLOV MATERIAL SCIENCE Vol. 27 No. 3 2025 a b Fig. 4. Defects in fabricated materials: unmelted particles at layer boundaries in mode 1 (a) and mode 2 (b); thermal cracks at the dissimilar material interface (c) and within the homogeneous material (d) c d The sequential deposition of four layers during material transitions resulted in the formation of smooth gradients between dissimilar materials. At the same time, a visible interface and mixing zones were observed for both material combinations (Figs. 5–7). The appearance of these zones may be attributed to the high melting rate, which can lead to the formation of an unstable melt pool [17, 19, 20]. Such zones were observed under all deposition modes; however, it was noted that with decreasing laser power, both the number and width of these regions were reduced. In the case of Inconel 625 deposited onto 316L steel, the mixing zones exhibited sharper boundaries (Fig. 8, a) compared to those formed during deposition of austenitic steel onto the nickel-based alloy (Fig. 8, b). Fig. 5.Cross-section of specimenfabricated using mode 1: a – general view; b – Inconel 625 – 316L stainless steel interface; c – mixing zones of nickel alloy and steel; d – 316L stainless steel – Inconel 625 interface with mixing zone; e – clear interface region
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