OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 27 No. 4 2025 128 TECHNOLOGY Optimal milling parameters of 0.12 C-18 Cr-10Ni-Ti stainless steel fabricated by electron beam additive manufacturing Mengxu Qi 1, a, Sergey Panin2, b, *, Dmitry Stepanov 2, c, Mikhail Burkov 2, d, Qingrong Zhang1, e 1 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation 2 Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Sciences SB RAS, 2/4 per. Academicheskii, Tomsk, 634055, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3738-0193, mensyuy1@tpu.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7623-7360, svp@ispms.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2558-7613, sdu@ispms.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3337-6579, burkovispms@mail.ru; e https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7820-1227, cinzhun1@tpu.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2025 vol. 27 no. 4 pp. 116–130 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-116-130 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 08 September 2025 Revised: 01 October 2025 Accepted: 29 October 2025 Available online: 15 December 2025 Keywords: Additive manufacturing AISI 321 Electron beam additive manufacturing Milling Multiple regression method Feed-Forward Neural Network Funding The study was fi nancially supported by the Russian Federation via Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Agreement No. 07515-2023-456). Acknowledgements Research were conducted at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials” NSTU. The authors thank Yu.V. Kushnarev for assistance in fabricating 0.12C-18Cr-10Ni-Ti steel samples at the experimental facility of ISPMS SB RAS. ABSTRACT Introduction. Unlike traditional manufacturing processes, additive manufacturing (AM) off ers improved effi ciency while being environmentally friendly. A signifi cant limitation hindering the adoption of wire-based electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) technology is the relatively low quality and high surface roughness of 3D-printed parts. The purpose of this study is to establish the optimal values of milling process parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, and milling width) based on the simultaneous evaluation of the surface roughness of the machined surface and the material removal rate. Methods and materials. This study investigated specimens fabricated using EBAM technology. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on an electromechanical testing machine. Cutting forces were determined with a Kistler 9257B dynamometer. Milling studies of EBAM 321 steel workpieces were performed on a semi-industrial CNC milling machine. Results and discussion. It was shown that in order to increase the material removal rate and reduce the cutting force on a milling machine without the use of coolant, it is recommended to increase the milling speed, but not to increase the feed rate. To investigate the relationship between material removal rate and surface roughness relative to milling parameters on a semi-industrial machine (with an average stiff ness of the portal frame), multiple linear regression models and nonlinear models based on feedforward neural networks were employed. It was demonstrated that linear regression models are suffi cient for predicting optimal milling parameters. However, it should be noted that the study was conducted within a narrow range of gentle machining conditions, with short processing times and without accounting for tool wear. Under these constraints, the optimal milling parameters for EBAM 321 steel were predicted as follows: spindle speed of 4,500 rpm, feed rate S = 404 mm/min, and cutting depth B = 0.43 mm, resulting in a predicted surface roughness (Ra) of 0.648 μm and a material removal rate of 695 mm³/min. For citation: Qi M., Panin S.V, Stepanov D.Y., Burkov M.V., Zhang Q. Optimal milling parameters of 0.12 C-18 Cr-10Ni-Ti stainless steel fabricated by electron beam additive manufacturing. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2025, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 116–130. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-116-130. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Panin Sergey V., D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Sciences SB RAS, 2/4 per. Academicheskii, 634055, Tomsk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 3822 286-904, e-mail: svp@ispms.ru References 1. Lippold J.C., Kotecki D.J. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, 2005. 357 p. ISBN 978-0-471-47379-4.
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