OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 27 No. 4 2025 218 MATERIAL SCIENCE Anisotropy of properties in metal materials fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) Andrey Kirichek 1, a, Dmitry Solovyev 2, b, *, Alexander Yashin 2, c, Sergey Silantyev 2, d, Artemy Aborkin 2, e, Maxim Novikov 1, f 1 Bryansk State Technical University, 7 50 Let Oktyabrya Bul., Bryansk, 241035, Russian Federation 2 Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs, 87 Gorkogo str., Vladimir, 600000, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-0501, avkbgtu@gmail.com; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-319X, murstin@yandex.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-1300, yashin2102@yandex.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-385X, ppdsio@yandex.ru; e https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4979-7164, aborkin@vlsu.ru; f https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7552-312X, novikovmax14@yandex.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2025 vol. 27 no. 4 pp. 206–220 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-206-220 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 27 July 2025 Revised: 02 August 2025 Accepted: 02 September 2025 Available online: 15 December 2025 Keywords: Additive technologies Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) Anisotropy Tensile strength Hardness Impact toughness Funding The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, as part of the basic part of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under project No. FZWR2024-0003 (No. 075-00150-24-03) “Development of a technological strategy and theoretical and experimental study of the key elements of the technology of additive synthesis of metal wire parts using the 3DMP method and wave thermo-deformation strengthening of synthesized machine parts”. ABSTRACT Introduction. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, particularly wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), off er a rapid and cost-eff ective approach for producing complex metal components. However, WAAM can induce anisotropy in the resulting material’s physical and mechanical properties. This anisotropy must be considered in design and application to ensure reliable performance in service. The purpose of the work. This study aims to quantitatively assess the anisotropy of mechanical properties in materials produced by WAAM to enhance the reliability of components used in critical applications. Research methodology. Samples were fabricated from low-carbon alloyed steel (0.08 C-2 Mn-1 Si), stainless steel (0.04 C-19 Cr-9 Ni), and aluminum alloy (97 Al-3 Mg) using the WAAM process. These samples were then subjected to mechanical testing to determine their tensile and impact toughness and hardness. Results were compared to those of the materials in the initial state to determine the relative anisotropy of each property. Results and discussion. For 0.08 C-2 Mn-1 Si steel, the tensile strength of WAAM-fabricated samples exhibited minimal variation across diff erent orientations, indicating relatively high isotropy (relative anisotropy of 1.3 %). A relative anisotropy of 33 % was observed for elongation, 21 % for impact toughness, and 16 % for hardness. The 0.04 C-19 Cr-9 Ni stainless steel exhibited a relative anisotropy of 15.1 % for tensile strength, 244 % for elongation, 33 % for impact toughness, and 4% for hardness. The 97 Al-3 Mg aluminum alloy showed a signifi cant relative anisotropy in tensile strength (83.6 %) and relative elongation (513 %) due to diff erences in the “vertical” direction. Impact toughness exhibited only slight variations (28 %) depending on sample orientation, while hardness can be considered isotropic. In general, hardness demonstrated the lowest relative anisotropy, while elongation exhibited the highest. For citation: Kirichek A.V., Solovyev D.L., Yashin A.V., Silantyev S.A., Aborkin A.V., Novikov M.A. Anisotropy of properties in metal materials fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2025, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 206–220. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-206-220. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Solovyev Dmitry L., D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs, 87 Gorky str., 600000, Vladimir, Russian Federation Tel: +7 920 900-46-42, e-mail: murstin@yandex.ru
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