OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 27 No. 4 2025 336 MATERIAL SCIENCE Structure and properties of coatings based on refractory elements obtained by non-vacuum electron beam surfacing Evdokia Bushueva 1, a, *, Artem Nastavshev 1, b, Ksenia Skorokhod 2, c, Evgeniy Domarov 3, d, Ivan Mishin 4, е 1 Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation 2 Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, 4/1 Institutskaya str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation 3 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Acad. Lavrentieva Pr., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation 4 Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 2/4 pr. Akademicheskii, Tomsk, 634055, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7608-734X, bushueva@corp.nstu.ru; b https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1082-2086, artem.nastavshev@yandex.ru; с https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-8405, k.skorokhod@itam.nsc.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2422-1513, domarov88@mail.ru; е https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-7238, mip@ispms.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2025 vol. 27 no. 4 pp. 325–338 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-325-338 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 29 July 2025 Revised: 02 September 2025 Accepted: 15 November 2025 Available online: 15 December 2025 Keywords: Structure Electron beam surfacing High-temperature oxidation resistance Hardness Funding The study was carried out in accordance with the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project FSUN2023-0009). ABSTRACT Introduction. The development of modern industry requires materials capable of withstanding high temperatures and loads while maintaining functionality and performance. Traditional materials, such as 0.4 C-Cr structural steel, are widely used in mechanical engineering and are inexpensive. However, ordinary and low-alloy steels are subject to intense oxidation when exposed to temperatures above 400°C. To improve the performance of structural steels under high-temperature conditions, the development of eff ective methods for modifying their surfaces is an an urgent task. The purpose of this work is to develop a technology for creating high-temperature oxidation resistant surface layers on 0.4 C-Cr structural steel. For this purpose, the non-vacuum electron beam surfacing method was used, employing powder materials based on refractory elements: niobium, molybdenum, and boron. Materials and methods. In this study, modifi ed layers were formed on 0.4 C-Cr steel using non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of Nb-Mo-B powder composites. The following research methods were used: optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diff raction analysis, microhardness testing, high-temperature oxidation testing, and oxidation reaction kinetics determination. Results and discussion. The modifi ed layers, which were 2.0–2.3 mm thick, exhibited a gradient structure consisting of molybdenum-doped niobium carbide present as dendrites and irregularly shaped crystals, as well as eutectic colonies based on the same carbide and α-Fe and α-(Mo,Fe) solid solutions. X-ray phase analysis identifi ed the following phases in the modifi ed layers: (Nb,Mo)C carbide and α-Fe and α-(Mo,Fe)-based solid solutions. The surfacing with Nb, Mo, and B resulted in the formation of layers on the surface of 0.4 C-Cr carbon steel that are 2.9 times harder and 3.9 times more temperature oxidation resistant than those of the unmodifi ed steel. For citation: Bushueva E.G., Nastavshev A.E., Skorokhod K.A., Domarov E.V., Mishin I.P. Structure and properties of coatings based on refractory elements obtained by non-vacuum electron beam surfacing. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2025, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 325–338. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-325-338. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Bushueva Evdokia G., Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, 630073, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Тел.: +7 383 346-06-12, e-mail: bushueva@corp.nstu.ru References 1. Sun S., Wu Z., Pang M., Chang J., Xuan Y., Qi H., Yang R., Wu Y. Microstructure and corrosion behavior of chromium-rich stainless steel coatings deposited by diff erent laser cladding processes. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, vol. 29, pp. 3879–3890. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.02.044. 2. Ssenteza V., Eklund J., Hanif I., Liske J., Jonsson T. High temperature corrosion resistance of FeCr(Ni, Al) alloys as bulk/overlay weld coatings in the presence of KCl at 600 °C. Corrosion Science, 2023, vol. 213, p. 110896. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110896.
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