OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 27 No. 4 2025 77 TECHNOLOGY Milling of a blank from austenitic stainless steel AISI 321, deposited using wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) Qingrong Zhang 1, c, Vasiliy Klimenov1, b, *, Viktor Kozlov1, c, Dmitry Chinakhov 2, d, Zeli Han1, e, Mengxu Qi1, f, Zeru Ding1, g, Menghua Pan1, h 1 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation 2 Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Prospekt K. Marksa, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7820-1227, cinzhun1@tpu.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-0170, klimenov@tpu.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-5713, kozlov-viktor@bk.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4319-7945, chinakhov@corp.nstu.ru; e https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-6541, hanzelizy@gmail.com; f https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3738-0193, mensyuy1@tpu.ru; g https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6303-7453, czezhu1@tpu.ru; h https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1128-9935, menhua1@tpu.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2025 vol. 27 no. 4 pp. 62–79 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-62-79 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 28 May 2025 Revised: 18 June 2025 Accepted: 06 October 2025 Available online: 15 December 2025 Keywords: Wire-arc additive manufacturing Cold metal transfer Austenitic stainless steel ER321 Microstructure Mechanical property Milling force Roughness Acknowledgements The equipment used for the research was provided by the Shared Use Center “Structure, Mechanical and Physical Properties of Materials” at Novosibirsk State Technical University. ABSTRACT Introduction. Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), due to its “design as manufacturing” characteristic, is gradually becoming one of the most promising technologies. However, at present, there are no comprehensive comparative studies on the microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited samples made from austenitic stainless steel at diff erent locations of the sample. In addition, their machinability remains insuffi ciently investigated. The purpose of this study is to compare the microstructure and mechanical properties of samples made of austenitic stainless steel ER321 (analogues – AISI 321, 0.08% C-18% Cr-10% Ni-Ti) obtained by the WAAM method at diff erent locations within the sample and to assess their machinability by the magnitude of the components of the cutting force during end milling and the roughness of the machined surface. The properties and microstructure of samples obtained by wire-arc additive technology are investigated, and milling forces are investigated. The eff ect of the feed on the components of the cutting force and the roughness of the machined surfaces during conventional milling of ER321 steel workpieces using 12 mm diameter cemented carbide end mills with a wear-resistant AlTiN coating applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is determined. Research methods. The content of elements and the solidifi cation pattern in various parts of the workpieces were determined using X-ray microanalysis. The microstructure of the samples was studied by a metallographic method. Stress-strain diagrams were obtained by tensile tests, and the microhardness of the samples was also measured. In comparison with the pattern of conventional milling of rolled workpieces, a pattern of changes in cutting forces and surface roughness was established depending on the feed rate during milling of deposited workpieces. Results and discussion. During deposition, ferrite with a vermicular morphology is primarily formed in the lower region of the sample, whereas austenite with a dendritic ferrite structure is observed in other regions. The microhardness values of the deposited and rolled samples are close, averaging around 230 HV0.1. The ultimate tensile strength of the rolled samples is 666 MPa, which is approximately 40 MPa higher than that of the deposited samples. During milling of the deposited workpieces, the lateral cutting force acting perpendicular to the feed direction is greater, and the surface quality is poorer. During milling of deposited workpieces, the lateral cutting force acting perpendicular to the feed direction is greater, and the surface quality is poorer. During milling of deposited workpieces, the feed force acting in the feed direction is greater under high feed rates. For citation: Zhang Q., Klimenov V.A., Kozlov V.N., Chinakhov D.A., Han Z., Qi M., Ding Z., Pan M. Milling of a blank from austenitic stainless steel AISI 321, deposited using wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2025, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 62–79. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-62-79. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Klimenov Vasiliy A., D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 913 850-44-51, e-mail: klimenov@tpu.ru References 1. Ahuja B., Karg M., Schmidt M. Additive manufacturing in production: Challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of SPIE, 2015, vol. 9353, pp. 11–20. DOI: 10.1117/12.2082521.
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