OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 28 No. 2 2026 45 TECHNOLOGY Determination of temperature conditions of wave deformation hardening for materials synthesized by the WAAM method Andrey Kirichek 1, a, Dmitry Solovyev 2, b, *, Alexander Yashin 2, c, Sergey Silantyev 2, d, Maxim Novikov 1, e 1 Bryansk State Technical University, 7 50 Let Oktyabrya Bul., Bryansk, 241035, Russian Federation 2 Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs, 87 Gorkogo St., Vladimir, 600000, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-0501, avkbgtu@gmail.com; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-319X, murstin@yandex.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-1300, yashin2102@yandex.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-385X, ppdsio@yandex.ru; e https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7552-312X, novikovmax14@yandex.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2026 vol. 28 no. 2 pp. 32–48 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.2-32-48 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 05 February 2026 Revised: 12 February 2026 Accepted: 14 March 2026 Available online: 15 June 2026 Keywords: Additive technologies WAAM Deformation hardening Deformation wave High temperature Hardness Funding The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of basic research component of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under project No. FZWR-2024-0003 (No. 075-0015024-03) “Development of a technological strategy and theoretical and experimental study of the key elements of the technology of additive synthesis of metal wire parts using the 3DMP method and wave thermo-deformation strengthening of synthesized machine parts.” ABSTRACT Introduction. To reduce the number of defects and improve the mechanical properties of components fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), the application of deformation hardening operations during the synthesis process is promising. Wave deformation hardening enables the formation of a deep hardened layer, which is particularly important for hybrid WAAM processes where subsequent heating of the upper layers can lead to softening of previously deposited layers. A key parameter determining the eff ectiveness of wave deformation hardening is the temperature at which the synthesized material is subjected to the deformation hardening. The purpose of this study is to analyze the infl uence of the product temperature on the effi ciency of wave deformation hardening for several advanced structural materials produced by the WAAM method. Methodology. The experiment involved the synthesis of samples, followed by furnace heating to a predetermined temperature (0.04C–19Cr–9Ni, 0.3C–1Cr–1Mn–1Si, 0.18C–1Cr–1Mn–1Si, and 0.09C–1.7Cr– 1Mn–0.6Mo–1Ni–0.8Ti–0.015N: 300–900 °C; for the 97Al–3Mg alloy: 100–500°C), after which they were subjected to hardening. To evaluate the eff ectiveness of the method, microhardness (Vickers) profi les were measured as a function of depth through the hardened layer. Results and discussion. The study revealed a characteristic optimal temperature range for each material within which wave deformation hardening provides the maximum strengthening eff ect. For austenitic steel 0.04C–19Cr–9Ni, the greatest increase in hardness (up to 52%) was achieved when treated at 700 °C, attributed to the increased ductility of austenite and possible deformation-induced martensitic transformation; above 800 °C, recrystallization begins, reducing the eff ect. For medium-alloyed steels 0.3C–1Cr–1Mn–1Si, 0.18C–1Cr–1Mn–1Si, and 0.09C–1.7Cr–1Mn–0.6Mo–1Ni–0.8Ti–0.015N, the optimal range was 400–600 °C, with a maximum hardness increase of 34–50%; in this region, dynamic polygonization and carbide dispersion hardening actively occur, while recrystallization dominates at higher temperatures. For aluminum alloy 97Al–3Mg, the eff ective range was 100–300 °C, with an increase in hardness of up to 24%, corresponding to the recovery condition; at 400–500 °C, the hardness drops below the initial value due to complete recrystallization. The depth of the hardened layer exceeded 3 mm for steels and reached 8 mm for the aluminum alloy, signifi cantly greater than achieved by conventional surface plastic deformation methods. An anomalous behavior was identifi ed for steel 0.09C–1.7Cr–1Mn–0.6Mo–1Ni–0.8Ti–0.015N: after a decrease in hardness at 700–800 °C, an increase in hardness was observed at 900 °C, explained by secondary hardening due to the dissolution of coarse carbides and the precipitation of fi ne particles during cooling. The obtained data are in good agreement with known tempering and recrystallization temperatures for the materials studied. The results enabled the formulation of practical recommendations for selecting wave deformation hardening temperature conditions for integration into hybrid WAAM processes, depending on the material class, ensuring maximum improvement in both hardness and hardened layer depth for additively manufactured components. For citation: Kirichek A.V., Solovyev D.L., Yashin A.V., Silantyev S.A., Novikov M.A. Determination of temperature conditions of wave deformation hardening for materials synthesized by the WAAM method. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2026, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 32–48. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.2-32-48. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Solovyev Dmitry L., D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs, 87 Gorkogo St., 600000, Vladimir, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 920 900-46-42, e-mail: murstin@yandex.ru
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