OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 28 No. 3 2026 225 MATERIAL SCIENCE Determination of the relationship among the structure, properties and strain state of the 0.09C-2Mn-Si steel under tension Yulia Khudorozhkova 1, a, *, Sergey Burov 1, b, Anna Povolotskaya 1, 2, c, Dmitry Vichuzhanin 1, d 1Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34 Komsomolskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620049, Russian Federation 2M.N. Mikheev lnstitute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 S. Kovalevskoy St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russian Federation a https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3832-1419, khjv@mail.ru; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0413-1054, burchitai@mail.ru; c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8301-5069, anna.povolotskaya.68@mail.ru; d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-6859, mmm@imach.uran.ru Obrabotka metallov - Metal Working and Material Science Journal homepage: http://journals.nstu.ru/obrabotka_metallov Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science. 2026 vol. 28 no. 3 pp. 205–228 ISSN: 1994-6309 (print) / 2541-819X (online) DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.3-205-228 ART I CLE I NFO Article history: Received: 14 June 2026 Revised: 23 June 2026 Accepted: 11 July 2026 Available online: 15 September 2026 Keywords: Plastic deformation Uniaxial tension Fracture site Deformation relief Degree of deformation Deformation modeling Surface roughness Funding This work was carried out within the framework of state assignments from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (topic no. 124020700063-3) and the M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (topic “Diagnostics”, no. 122021000030-1). Acknowledgments This work was carried out using equipment from the “Plastometry” Collective Use Center at the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the “Structure, Mechanical, and Physical Properties of Materials” Collective Use Center at Novosibirsk State Technical University. To assess the stress–strain state during deformation, a specimen model was constructed in the ANSYS fi nite element analysis package, and tensile testing was simulated. The calculations were performed on the “Uran” supercomputer at the N.N. Krasovskii Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ABSTRACT Introduction. Although structural transformations during plastic deformation are well studied, they remain a priority area of scientifi c research in the fi eld of materials science. Diff erent approaches converge on the fact that metal deformation develops from the microscale to the macroscale level and that the change in stages is an abrupt loss of structural stability, which inevitably ends with localization of shear and failure in the neck. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation of the plastic deformation stages to the structure, surface topography and micromechanical properties of a common structural material, namely grade 0.09C-2Mn-Si steel, subjected to uniaxial tension. Materials and methods. In this study, dumbbell-shaped fl at specimens of 0.09C-2Mn-Si structural steel were studied before and after uniaxial tension. The tension process was simulated by the fi nite element method, and the distribution of the stress-strain state parameters was obtained. The structure was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The surface roughness parameters were determined by optical profi lometry. Kinetic microindentation was used to determine the micromechanical characteristics. Results and discussion. A direct correspondence is established among the roughness parameters, deformation stage, and strain level for the 0.09C–2Mn–Si steel. It is found that the strain values are the highest near the crack, that the structure contains no pronounced pearlite colonies, and that there are elongated ferrite grains with boundaries sometimes decorated by fragmented cementite plates. Strain-induced discontinuities and elongated pores are clearly visible. The surface relief is caused by the sliding of meso- and macrobands. The relationship between the mechanical properties of the steel and the structures obtained at various stages — from the onset of plastic deformation up to macrocrack formation — is analyzed. It is shown that the combined use of optical profi lometry, structural characterization methods, and micromechanical tests during instrumented indentation enables reliable recording of structural changes in various regions of 0.09C–2Mn–Si steel specimens after static loading. For citation: Khudorozhkova Yu.V., Burov S.V., Povolotskaya A.M., Vichuzhanin D.I. Determination of the relationship among the structure, properties and strain state of the 0.09C-2Mn-Si steel under tension. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2026, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 205–228. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.3-205-228. (In Russian). ______ * Corresponding author Khudorozhkova Yulia V., Ph.D. (Engineering) Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34 Komsomolskaya St., 620049, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation Tel.: +7 904 387-50-59, e-mail: khjv@mail.ru
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