OBRABOTKAMETALLOV Vol. 28 No. 3 2026 313 MATERIAL SCIENCE 20 after cementation and heat treatment]. Obrabotka metallov (tekhnologiya, oborudovanie, instrumenty) = Metal Working and Material Science, 2025, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 122–136. DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.3-122-136. 36. Wong A. Modelling the stability and transformation kinetics of retained austenite in steels. Materials Science and Technology, 2022, vol. 38 (11), pp. 676–688. DOI: 10.1080/02670836.2022.2063539. 37. Xiong X.C., Chen B., Huang M.X., Wang J.F., Wang L. The eff ect of morphology on the stability of retained austenite in a quenched and partitioned steel. Scripta Materialia, 2013, vol. 68 (5), pp. 321–324. DOI: 10.1016/j. scriptamat.2012.11.003. 38. Sidoroff C., Perez M., Dierickx P., Girodin D. Advantages and shortcomings of retained austenite in bearing steels: a review. Bearing Steel Technologies: 10th Volume, Advances in Steel Technologies for Rolling Bearings, ASTM International, 2014, pp. 1–37. DOI: 10.1520/STP158020140081. 39. Shen Y., Moghadam S.M., Sadeghi F., Paulson K., Trice R.W. Eff ect of retained austenite –Compressive residual stresses on rolling contact fatigue life of carburized AISI 8620 steel. International Journal of Fatigue, 2015, vol. 75, pp. 135–144. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2015.02.017. 40. Evans M.H. An updated review: white etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks in wind turbine gearbox bearings. Materials Science and Technology, 2016, vol. 32 (11), pp. 1133–1169. DOI: 10.1080/02670836.2015.1133022. 41. Kumar S., Singh S.B. Quantifi cation of retained austenite in low-carbon steels. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2023, vol. 54 (11), pp. 4283–4294. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-023-07162-1. 42. Ionescu L.G., Pantawane M.V., Tănase C., Sichim R.V., Dascălu C.A., Ghiban B. Evaluation of retained austenite in carburized bearing steel using magneto-inductive method. Crystals, 2023, vol. 13 (8), p. 1173. DOI: 10.3390/ cryst13081173. 43. Zhu Z., Liang Y. Prediction of residual stress of carburized steel based on machine learning. Applied Sciences, 2020, vol. 10 (21), p. 7759. DOI: 10.3390/app10217759. 44. Wei S., Wang G., Zhao X., Zhang X., Rong Y. Experimental study on vacuum carburizing process for lowcarbon alloy steel. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2014, vol. 23 (2), pp. 545–550. DOI: 10.1007/ s11665-013-0762-1. 45. Muñoz-Rodenas J., García-Sevilla F., Coello-Sobrino J., Martínez-Martínez A., Miguel-Eguía V. Eff ectiveness of machine-learning and deep-learning strategies for the classifi cation of heat treatments applied to low-carbon steels based on microstructural analysis. Applied Sciences, 2023, vol. 13, p. 3479. DOI: 10.3390/app13063479. 46. Jovičević-Klug P., Podgornik B. Review on the eff ect of deep cryogenic treatment of metallic materials in automotive applications. Metals, 2020, vol. 10 (4), p. 434. DOI: 10.3390/met10040434. 47. Yan Y., Liu K., Luo Z., Wang M., Wang X. Eff ect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical properties and distortion of carburized gear steels. Metals, 2021, vol. 11, p. 1940. DOI: 10.3390/met11121940. 48. Ďurica J., Ptačinová J., Dománková M., Čaplovič L., Čaplovičová M., Hrušovská L., Malovcová V., Jurči P. Changes in microstructure of ledeburitic tool steel due to vacuum austenitizing and quenching, sub-zero treatments at – 140°C and tempering. Vacuum, 2019, vol. 170, p. 108977. DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.10897. 49. ASTME975-13. Standard Practice for X-Ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near Random Crystallographic Orientation. West Conshohocken, PA, USA, ASTM International, 2013. 50. Zhao J., Zhao X., Zhao X., Dong C., Kang S. Eff ects of nucleation site and morphology of carbide-free bainite on microstructures and properties of bainite/martensite multi-phase steels. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, vol. 744, pp. 86–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.060. 51. Wingens T. Techniques for determining retained austenite. AM&P Technical Articles, 2022, vol. 180, pp. 60– 64. DOI: 10.31399/asm.amp.2022-05.p060. 52. KoistinenD., Marburger R.Ageneral equation prescribing the extent of the austenite-martensite transformation in pure iron-carbon alloys and plain carbon steels. Acta Metallurgica, 1959, vol. 7, pp. 59–60. DOI: 10.1016/00016160(59)90170-1. 53. Varyukhin V.N., Pashinskaya E.G., Zavdoveev A.V., Burkhovetskii V.V. Vozmozhnosti metoda difraktsii obratno-rasseyannykh elektronov dlya analiza struktury deformirovannykh materialov [Possibilities of the Electron Backscatter Diff raction Method for Analysis of the Structure of Deformed Materials]. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka Publ., 2014. 102 p. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.5016.6720. 54. Doddapaneni S., Kumar S., Sharma S., Shankar G., Shettar M., Kumar N., Aroor G., Ahmad S.M. Advancements in EBSD techniques: a comprehensive review on characterization of composites and metals, sample preparation, and operational parameters. Journal of Composites Science, 2025, vol. 9 (3), p. 132. DOI: 10.3390/jcs9030132. 55. Kalsi N.S., Sehgal R., Sharma V.S. Cryogenic treatment of tool materials: a review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2010, vol. 25 (10), pp. 1077–1100. DOI: 10.1080/10426911003720862.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk0ODM1