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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">308845</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.3-122-136</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Investigation of the process of surface decarburization of steel 20 after cementation and heat treatment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование процесса поверхностного обезуглероживания стали 20 после цементации и термической обработки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6519-561X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57210311769</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAP-4915-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3455-0836</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karlina</surname><given-names>Yulia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карлина</surname><given-names>Юлия Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Scientific associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>jul.karlina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9137-9404</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56769690400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">JTT-2083-2023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3445-3288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konyukhov</surname><given-names>Vladimir Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конюхов</surname><given-names>Владимир Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>konyukhov_vyu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-6554</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57222118655</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">KKT-9622-2024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5697-2740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oparina</surname><given-names>Tatiana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Опарина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ассистент</p></bio><email>martusina2@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk National Research Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Cherepovets State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Череповецкий государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO3 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №3 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>136</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-10"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Karlina Y.I., Konyukhov V.Y., Oparina T.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Карлина Ю.И., Конюхов В.Ю., Опарина Т.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karlina Y.I., Konyukhov V.Y., Oparina T.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карлина Ю.И., Конюхов В.Ю., Опарина Т.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/308845">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/308845</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> In industry, the method of carburizing with a solid carburizer is used to saturate the surface layer with carbon. In practice, it is necessary to prevent or reduce surface decarburization of steel as much as possible, either by using a protective atmosphere or by heating under conditions in which the oxidation process of the metal surface layer occurs faster than the decarburization process. During decarburization, a ferrite structure is formed in the surface layer, which, under contact loads, reduces the resistance to crack initiation and increases the probability of fatigue failure of the product as a whole. <bold>The purpose of this work</bold> is to evaluate the effect of heating temperature during carburizing and subsequent hardening, as well as equalizing period, on the depth of the decarburized layer during chemical-thermal treatment of low-carbon steel. <bold>Research methods.</bold> The chemical composition of the steel as delivered was determined. The analyses were performed using an optical emission spectrometer, model LAVFA18B Spectrolab. For the study, unalloyed hypoeutectoid Steel 20 was selected, with an initial ferrite-pearlite microstructure. The samples had a rectangular shape with average dimensions of 50 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm. Carbon saturation was carried out on one side (from the side of the poured carburizer, while the reverse surface of the samples was protected by a layer of clay). The samples were placed in a metal container, filled with carburizer in a 25–30 mm layer, closed with a lid, and sealed. Carbon saturation was carried out at 900 °C for 4–8 hours. After that, the box with samples was taken out of the furnace and cooled in air. Quenching was carried out in a furnace in air (humidity was not measured) at furnace heating temperatures of T = 780 °C, 850 °C, and 950 °C with a equalizing period of 4.6 h in a laboratory electric resistance furnace with a chamber volume of V = 22 dm³. Metallographic examination and microhardness measurements were performed. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> During the experiments, it was noted that the heating temperature for carburizing and quenching plays an important role in decarburization. At a temperature of 700 °C, the decarburization phenomenon was not observed, indicating that the decarburization reaction did not occur below this temperature. When the temperature exceeds 750 °C, the samples exhibit obvious decarburization, and the ferrite structure is columnar, oriented perpendicular to the decarburized surface. A partial decarburized layer appears in the samples at 850 °C, and the thickness of the full decarburized layer decreases. Above 900 °C, the sample mainly shows a partial decarburized layer because, at this temperature, the steel structure is fully austenitic. Above 1,000 °C, the layer thickness increases rapidly, showing exponential growth. The experiments also demonstrated the effect of heating and equalizing periods on the depth of the decarburized layer. The presented results will be useful in chemical-thermal treatment of products requiring high surface hardness.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>В промышленности используют метод цементации с твердым карбюризатором для насыщения поверхностного слоя углеродом. На практике необходимо максимально предотвратить или уменьшить обезуглероживание поверхностного слоя стали – либо применять защитную атмосферу, либо производить нагрев в условиях, при которых процесс окисления поверхностного слоя металла происходит быстрее, чем процесс обезуглероживания. В процессе обезуглероживания в поверхностном слое формируется структура феррита, при контактных нагрузках она снижает сопротивление зарождению трещин в поверхностном слое и повышает вероятность усталостного разрушения изделия в целом. <bold>Цель работы:</bold> оценить влияние температуры нагрева под цементацию и последующую закалку, а также влияние длительности выдержки на глубину обезуглероженного слоя в процессе химико-термической обработки низкоуглеродистой стали. <bold>Методы исследования.</bold> Определение химического состава стали в состоянии поставки. Анализы были выполнены с использованием оптического эмиссионного спектрометра модели LAVFA18B Spectrolab. Для целей исследования была выбрана нелегированная доэвтектоидная сталь Ст20 с исходной микроструктурой феррит-перлит. Образцы имели прямоугольную форму со средними размерами 50×10×10 мм. Насыщение углеродом проводили с одной стороны (со стороны насыпанного карбюризатора, обратную поверхность образцов защищали слоем глины). Образцы помещали в металлический контейнер и засыпали карбюризатором слоем 25…30 мм, закрывали крышкой и герметизировали. Насыщение углеродом проводили при 900 °C в течение 4…8 часов. После ящик с образцами доставали из печи, он охлаждался на воздухе. Закалку проводили в печи на воздухе (влажность не измерялась) при температурах нагрева печи 780, 850 и 950 °C и времени выдержки 4 и 6 часов в лабораторной электропечи сопротивления с объемом камеры 22 дм3. Проводили металлографическое исследование и измерение микротвердости. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> В ходе экспериментов отмечено, что температура нагрева под цементацию и закалку играет важную роль в oбезуглероживании. При температуре 700 °C явление обезуглероживания не наблюдалось, это указывает на то, что реакция обезуглероживания не происходила в образцах при температуре ниже 700 °C. Когда температура составляет бoлее 750 °C, образец имеет очевидное обезуглероживание, ферритная структура столбчатая, перпендикулярная поверхности обезуглероживания. Частично обезуглероженный слой появляется в образце при температуре 850 °C, а толщина полностью обезуглероженного слоя уменьшается. После 900 °C образец в основном представляет собой частично обезуглероженный слой, потому что при этой температуре структура стали полностью аустенитная. После 1000 °C толщина слоя увеличивается быстро, показывая экспоненциальный рост. Проведённые эксперименты показали влияние времени нагрева и выдержки на глубину обезуглероженного слоя. Представленные результаты будут востребованы при проведении химико-термической обработки изделий, к которым предъявляются высокие требования по поверхностной твердости.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Carbon</kwd><kwd>Ferrite</kwd><kwd>Martensite</kwd><kwd>Heating</kwd><kwd>Cementation</kwd><kwd>Tempering</kwd><kwd>Temperature</kwd><kwd>Cooling</kwd><kwd>Equalizing</kwd><kwd>Duration</kwd><kwd>Decarbonization</kwd><kwd>Hardness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Углерод</kwd><kwd>феррит</kwd><kwd>мартенсит</kwd><kwd>нагрев</kwd><kwd>цементация</kwd><kwd>закалка</kwd><kwd>температура</kwd><kwd>охлаждение</kwd><kwd>выдержка</kwd><kwd>длительность</kwd><kwd>обезуглероживание</kwd><kwd>твердость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Лахтин Ю.М. 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