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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">308849</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.3-183-204</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Fabrication, characterization and performance evaluation of zinc oxide doped nanographite material as a humidity sensor</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изготовление, описание и оценка эффективности материала на основе нанографита, легированного оксидом цинка, в качестве датчика влажности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6527-0965</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ACA-0219-2022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Waheed</surname><given-names>Farrukh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вахеед</surname><given-names>Фаррух</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель</p></bio><email>fwbaig@uitu.edu.pk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-2177</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36740039700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">A-9371-2016</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Qayoom</surname><given-names>Amtul</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каюм</surname><given-names>Амтул</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>amtulq@neduet.edu.pk</email><uri>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amtul-Qayoom?ev=hdr_xprf</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-8860</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55819156200</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirazi</surname><given-names>Muhammad F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширази</surname><given-names>Мухаммад Файзан</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Architectural), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. арх. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>faizanshirazi@neduet.edu.pk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Computer Science, Usman Institute of Technology University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кафедра информатики, Университет UIT</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Chemistry, NED University of Engineering and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кафедра химии, Инженерно-технологический университет имени Н.Э. Диншоу</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кафедра электротехники, Инженерно-технологический университет имени Н.Э. Диншоу</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO3 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №3 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>183</fpage><lpage>204</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-10"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Waheed F., Qayoom A., Shirazi M.F.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Вахеед Ф., Каюм А., Ширази М.Ф.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Waheed F., Qayoom A., Shirazi M.F.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вахеед Ф., Каюм А., Ширази М.Ф.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/308849">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/308849</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The growing demand for real-time environmental monitoring technologies has led to increased interest in high-performance humidity sensors with rapid response, high sensitivity, and long-term stability. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a widely used semiconducting oxide material for such applications due to its chemical stability and sensitivity to humidity variations. However, its performance can be further enhanced through material engineering. This study investigates the doping of ZnO nanoparticles with nanographite material (NGM) to improve humidity-sensing characteristics. The <bold>purpose of the work</bold> is to develop ZnO–NGM nanocomposite-based capacitive humidity sensors with improved response/recovery time and sensitivity by modifying the electronic and surface properties of ZnO through NGM doping. <bold>Research methods.</bold> ZnO–NGM nanocomposites with varying NGM content (1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.%) were synthesized via a chemical precipitation route. The optical behavior of pure ZnO was analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, which revealed a sharp absorption edge at 367 nm, indicating a bandgap near 3.3 eV. Structural and morphological properties were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming NGM integration and enhanced surface porosity. The composite sensing films were deposited onto FTO-coated glass substrates using the ‘doctor blade’; method to fabricate the capacitive sensors. The sensing performance was evaluated in a nitrogen-controlled chamber over a relative humidity (RH) range of 10% to 95%, with capacitance measurements recorded across a frequency range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> Among all tested compositions, the 4 wt.% NGM-doped ZnO sensor demonstrated the best performance, with a rapid response time of 4.0 s, a recovery time of 6.2 s, and excellent sensitivity. These improvements are attributed to enhanced surface conductivity and more active adsorption-desorption kinetics due to NGM. The developed sensors show strong potential for integration in real-time environmental monitoring systems, industrial automation, and smart home humidity control applications. The incorporation of nanographite into ZnO matrices significantly enhances humidity-sensing capabilities. The ZnO–NGM composite, particularly at 4 wt.% doping, offers a promising pathway for the development of next-generation, high-efficiency humidity sensors.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Современный рост требований к технологиям мониторинга окружающей среды в режиме реального времени обусловливает необходимость создания высокоэффективных датчиков влажности с коротким временем отклика, высокой чувствительностью и длительной стабильностью работы. Оксид цинка (ZnO) является одним из наиболее перспективных полупроводниковых оксидов благодаря своей химической стабильности, доступности и чувствительности к изменению влажности. Однако для повышения рабочих характеристик ZnO требуется целенаправленная модификация его структурных и электронных свойств. В данном исследовании рассматривается легирование наночастиц ZnO нанографитовым материалом (NGM) с целью улучшения чувствительности и кинетики адсорбционно-десорбционных процессов. <bold>Предмет и цель работы. </bold>Основной целью работы является разработка ёмкостных датчиков влажности на основе нанокомпозита ZnO-NGM с улучшенными параметрами времени отклика и восстановления, а также с повышенной чувствительностью. Для этого предполагается модифицировать электронные и поверхностные свойства ZnO путём его легирования нанографитовым материалом, что должно способствовать улучшению сенсорных характеристик. <bold>Методы исследования.</bold> Нанокомпозиты ZnO-NGM с различным массовым содержанием NGM (1, 2, 4, 5 и 10 %) были синтезированы методом химического осаждения. Оптические свойства образцов чистого ZnO изучались с помощью оптической спектроскопии (UV-visible spectroscopy), которая выявила резкий край поглощения при 367 нм, соответствующий ширине запрещённой зоны около 3,3 эВ. Структурные и морфологические характеристики композитов анализировались методами рентгеновской дифракции (XRD) и сканирующей электронной микроскопии (SEM), подтвердившими успешную интеграцию NGM в матрицу ZnO и увеличение пористости поверхности. Для изготовления сенсорных элементов на стеклянные подложки с покрытием из фтор-легированного оксида олова (FTO) ножевым устройством наносились композитные пленки. Сенсорные характеристики измерялись в камере с контролируемой атмосферой азота при относительной влажности (RH) от 10 до 95 % в диапазоне частот от 10 кГц до 1 МГц. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Датчик на основе ZnO, легированного 4 % NGM, продемонстрировал оптимальные параметры: время отклика составило 4,0 с, время восстановления – 6,2 с, а чувствительность превзошла показатели остальных исследованных составов. Улучшение функциональных характеристик связано с увеличением удельной поверхностной электропроводности и ускорением кинетики адсорбционно-десорбционных процессов, обусловленных присутствием нанографита, который способствует формированию более пористой и активной поверхности. Разработанные ёмкостные датчики влажности обладают высоким потенциалом для интеграции в современные системы мониторинга окружающей среды в реальном времени, а также в промышленные процессы автоматизации и интеллектуальные системы управления влажностью в бытовых условиях. Введение нанографита в структуру ZnO существенно улучшает сенсорные характеристики датчиков влажности. Нанокомпозит ZnO-NGM с содержанием 4 % нанографита проявляет наилучшие эксплуатационные свойства и является перспективным материалом для создания высокоэффективных датчиков влажности нового поколения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Humidity sensor</kwd><kwd>ZnO nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>Smart sensing Devices</kwd><kwd>Capacitance and impedance analysis</kwd><kwd>Fast response and recovery</kwd><kwd>Environmental and industrial monitoring</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Датчик влажности</kwd><kwd>наночастицы ZnO</kwd><kwd>устройства интеллектуального сенсорного восприятия</kwd><kwd>анализ ёмкости и комплексного сопротивления (импеданса)</kwd><kwd>быстрый отклик и восстановление</kwd><kwd>экологический и промышленный мониторинг</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work is carried out within the framework of the NEDUET PhD program.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная работа выполнена в рамках PhD-программы NEDUET.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>High-performance humidity sensor based on the graphene flower/zinc oxide composite / M. 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