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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">308850</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.3-205-220</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of the structure of gradient layers «steel - Inconel - steel», obtained by laser direct metal deposition</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности строения градиентных слоев «сталь – Inconel – сталь», полученных методом прямого лазерного выращивания</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3918-273X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203801980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgova</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгова</surname><given-names>Светлана Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>advanced manufacturing engineer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий инженер-технолог</p></bio><email>svetlanadolgova99@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1268-8546</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">22941697700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-9762-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2488-7130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malikov</surname><given-names>Alexandr G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маликов</surname><given-names>Александр Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering), Leading researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>smalik707@yandex.ru</email><uri>https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=lNeQeMQAAAAJ</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4243-0602</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">14521123300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">P-1678-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4619-9480</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golyshev</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голышев</surname><given-names>Александр Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Senior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>alexgol@itam.nsc.ru</email><uri>https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Y2kgs8cAAAAJ&amp;hl=ru</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9249-2273</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">25031513500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">A-3467-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7600-8285</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikulina</surname><given-names>Aelita A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никулина</surname><given-names>Аэлита Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of department, D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зав. кафедрой, доктор техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>a.nikulina@corp.nstu.ru</email><uri>https://ciu.nstu.ru/kaf/persons/20084/</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk semiconductor device plant Vostok</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский завод полупроводниковых приборов «Восток»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теоретической и прикладной механики им. С.А. Христиановича СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO3 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №3 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>220</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-10"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Dolgova S.V., Malikov A.G., Golyshev A.A., Nikulina A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Долгова С.В., Маликов А.Г., Голышев А.А., Никулина А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dolgova S.V., Malikov A.G., Golyshev A.A., Nikulina A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Долгова С.В., Маликов А.Г., Голышев А.А., Никулина А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/308850">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/308850</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Traditionally, the most common technology for producing parts from nickel alloys involves casting followed by heat treatment to achieve the required phase composition. Significant disadvantages of this method include the segregation of chemical elements, the presence of large undesirable inclusions such as Laves phase and eutectic structures, and the non-uniform distribution of strengthening phases throughout the workpiece cross-section. At the same time, many complex-shaped parts are assembled into a single combined structure using welding. An analysis of the hardening characteristics of nickel alloys and the products derived from them suggests that additive manufacturing techniques are a promising approach for fabricating such workpieces. The structure and phase composition of the material volumes formed via layer-by-layer deposition will differ significantly from those obtained by conventional methods. In the case of producing combined structures using additive methods, identifying the patterns of structure and phase composition formation becomes an even more complex challenge. Therefore, <bold>the </bold><bold>purpose of this work</bold> is to identify the structural features of “steel - nickel alloy – steel” gradient layers fabricated by direct metal deposition. The study examines dissimilar joints produced using the “Welding and Surfacing Complex based on a Multi-Coordinate Arm and a Fiber Laser” at the S.A. Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, employing direct metal deposition technology. <bold>Research methods.</bold> A Carl Zeiss Axio Imager A1m light microscope and a Carl Zeiss EVO 50 XVP scanning electron microscope, equipped with an INCA X-Act energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) attachment, were utilized for microstructural investigations of the fabricated layers. Phase composition analysis of the samples was performed using an ARL X'TRA X-ray diffractometer. Microhardness testing was conducted using a Wolpert Group 402 MVD Vickers hardness tester. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> It was observed that the maximum layer height (up to 7 mm) was achieved when implementing the following parameters: 1,000 W laser power with a scanning speed of 35 mm/s, and 1,500 W laser power with a scanning speed of 15 mm/s. In the first case, minimal material mixing at the fusion boundary was noted. In all fabricated compositions, defects in the form of unmelted powder particles were observed, as well as cracks in the first steel layers. During the deposition of Inconel 625 onto 316L stainless steel, the transition zone exhibited solidification modes consistent with the formation of iron-based alloys, specifically FA (ferrite-austenite), AF (austenite-ferrite), and A (austenite) sequentially. When depositing 316L stainless steel onto Inconel 625, the transition zone exhibited a solidification mode characterized by the formation of only the austenite phase. The microhardness values were found to be 230 ±15 HV for 316L stainless steel and 298 ± 20 HV for Inconel 625.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Традиционно наиболее распространенной технологией получения деталей из никелевых сплавов является литье с последующей термической обработкой для формирования необходимого фазового состава. Существенными недостатками материала в данном случае считаются сегрегация химических элементов, наличие крупных нежелательных включений фазы Лавеса и эвтектик, а также неравномерное распределение упрочняющих фаз по сечению заготовки. При этом многие сложнопрофильные детали собираются в единую комбинированную конструкцию с использованием сварки. Анализ особенностей упрочнения никелевых сплавов и изделий, которые изготавливают из них, показывает, что перспективным способом формирования таких заготовок являются аддитивные технологии. Структура и фазовый состав объемов материала, формируемых послойным нанесением, будет существенно отличаться от материалов, получаемых традиционными способами. В случае получения комбинированных конструкций аддитивными способами выявление закономерностей формирования структуры и фазового состава материалов становится еще более сложной задачей. Поэтому <bold>цель данной работы</bold> заключается в выявлении особенностей строения градиентных слоев «сталь – никелевый сплав – сталь», полученных методом прямого лазерного выращивания. <bold>В работе исследованы</bold> разнородные соединения, изготовленные с использованием установки «Наплавочно-сварочный комплекс на базе многокоординатной руки и волоконного лазера» в Институте теоретической и прикладной механики им. С.А. Христиановича СО РАН и c реализацией технологии прямого лазерного выращивания. <bold>Методы исследования.</bold> Для структурных исследований полученных слоев применялись световой микроскоп Carl Zeiss A1Z и растровый электронный микроскоп Carl Zeiss EVO 50 XVP с энергодисперсионной приставкой INCA X-Act. Фазовый состав образцов определяли на рентгеновском дифрактометре ARL X’;TRA. Дюрометрические испытания проводили на твердомере по Виккерсу Wolpert Group 402 MVD. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Установлено, что максимальная высота массивов (до 7 мм) формируется при реализации режимов 1000 Вт, скорость сканирования 35 мм/с; 1500 Вт, скорость сканирования 15 мм/с; при этом в первом случае происходит минимальное перемешивание материалов на границе сплавления. Во всех композициях присутствуют дефекты в виде не расплавившихся частиц порошка, а также трещины в первых слоях стали. При наплавке Inconel 625 на сталь 316L в переходной зоне, где по химическому составу образуются сплавы на основе железа, последовательно реализуются режимы затвердевания FA (феррит – аустенит), AF (аустенит – феррит) и A (аустенит). При наплавке стали 316L на Inconel 625 в переходной зоне реализуется режим затвердевания с образованием только фазы аустенита. Уровень микротвердости для стали 316L составляет 230 ±15 HV, для Inconel 625 он равен 298 ± 20 HV.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Additive manufacturing</kwd><kwd>Microstructure</kwd><kwd>Gradient layers</kwd><kwd>Phase composition</kwd><kwd>Austenitic stainless steel 316L</kwd><kwd>Nickel alloy Inconel 625</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Аддитивные технологии</kwd><kwd>микроструктура</kwd><kwd>градиентные слои</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>аустенитная сталь 316L</kwd><kwd>никелевый сплав Inconel 625</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Funding&#13;
The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the S.A. Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS No. 124021500015-1.&#13;
&#13;
Acknowledgements&#13;
Experiments on direct laser deposition were carried out at the Center of Collective Use “Mechanics” of ITAM SB RAS. Structural research was conducted at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials” NSTU and scientific and educational center in the field of mechanical engineering of NSTU.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансирование&#13;
Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Института теоретической и прикладной механики им. С.А. Христиановича СО РАН № 124021500015-1.&#13;
&#13;
Благодарности&#13;
Эксперименты по прямому лазерному выращиванию выполнены на базе ЦКП «Механика» ИТПМ СО РАН. Структурные исследования выполнены в ЦКП ССМ НГТУ и НОЦ в области машиностроения НГТУ.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of nickel-based filler metal types on creep properties of dissimilar metal welds between Inconel 617B and 10 % Cr martensitic steel / Y. Zhang, M. Hu, Z. Cai, C. Han, X. Li, X. Huo, M. Fan, S. Rui, K. Li, J. Pan // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. – 2021. – Vol. 14. – P. 2289–2301. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.131.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Fabrication of steel-Inconel functionally graded materials by laser melting deposition integrating with laser synchronous preheating / W. Meng, W. Zhang, W. Zhang, X. Yin, B. 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