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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">308851</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.3-221-235</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The influence of tungsten carbide particle size on the characteristics of metalloceramic WC/Fe-Ni-Al coatings</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние гранулометрии порошка карбида вольфрама на характеристики металлокерамических покрытий WC/Fe-Ni-Al</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-4669</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56120881300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">E-8844-2016;</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3359-0076</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burkov</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурков</surname><given-names>Александр Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Head of Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, Заведующий лабораторией</p></bio><email>burkovalex@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1216-4438</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56631651600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAG-5481-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8132-8414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dvornik</surname><given-names>Maxim I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дворник</surname><given-names>Максим Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Senior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, старший научный сотрудник </p></bio><email>Maxxxx80@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-1887</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55925456600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5300-8010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulik</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулик</surname><given-names>Мария Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>marijka80@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4750-7970</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58120983400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">KSM-2887-2024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6032-6323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bytsura</surname><given-names>Alexandra Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быцура</surname><given-names>Александра Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник </p></bio><email>Alex_btsr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Khabarovsk Federal Research Center FEB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Хабаровский Федеральный исследовательский центр ДВО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO3 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №3 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>221</fpage><lpage>235</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-10"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Burkov A.A., Dvornik M.I., Kulik M.A., Bytsura A.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Бурков А.А., Дворник М.И., Кулик М.А., Быцура А.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Burkov A.A., Dvornik M.I., Kulik M.A., Bytsura A.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бурков А.А., Дворник М.И., Кулик М.А., Быцура А.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/308851">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/308851</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>The granulometry (particle size distribution) of the starting powders significantly influences the hardness and strength of compacted tungsten carbide (WC) metalloceramic materials, but this effect has not been extensively studied in the context of WC/Fe-Ni-Al coatings. <bold>The purpose of this work</bold> is to investigate the influence of the granulometry of the starting WC powder introduced into the non-localized electrode on the kinetics of mass transfer, chemical composition, cross-sectional microstructure of WC/Fe-Ni-Al coatings, and their corrosion and tribological properties. <bold>Methods.</bold> WC/Fe-Ni-Al coatings were deposited on 45 steel substrates using the electrospark deposition (ESD) method with a non-localized electrode. The electrode comprised iron granules (Ø = 4 mm), Ni and Al powders, and WC powders with varying particle sizes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the coatings consisted of tungsten carbide, tungsten semicarbide (W?C), intermetallic phases (Al??Fe??), ferronickel (FeNi), and body-centered cubic (BCC) phases (AlNi, AlFe). <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> It was determined that, with an increase in the WC powder particle size fraction in the electrode, the coating matrix composition became enriched with aluminum, while the iron concentration decreased from 60 to 30 at.%. The lowest values for hardness, wear resistance, and oxidation resistance were observed for the sample obtained using WC nanopowder. The microhardness of the coating surface ranged from 4.39 to 9.16 GPa. The oxidation resistance of the coated samples at 700 °C increased monotonically with increasing WC powder particle size. The study found that the use of WC powder with a particle size fraction of 20 to 40 µm resulted in the best performance in terms of hardness, wear resistance, and oxidation resistance of the WC/Fe-Ni-Al coatings at 700 °C. The application of these coatings increased the oxidation resistance of 45 steel by 11.6 times and wear resistance by 44 to 80 times, suggesting their potential for use in high-intensity applications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Гранулометрия исходных порошков оказывает значительное влияние на твердость и прочность компактных металлокерамических материалов из карбида вольфрама (WC), однако это не исследовано при приготовлении покрытий WC/Fe-Ni-Al.<bold> Цель работы. </bold>Исследовать влияние гранулометрии исходного порошка WC, вводимого в нелокализованный электрод, на кинетику массопереноса, химический состав, структуру поперечных сечений покрытий WC/Fe-Ni-Al, их коррозионные и трибологические свойства. <bold>Методы. </bold>Осаждение покрытий WC/Fe-Ni-Al на сталь 45 проводилось методом электроискрового легирования с применением нелокализованного электрода, который состоял из железных гранул (Ø = 4 мм), порошков Ni и Al, а также порошков карбида вольфрама с различным размером зерен. По данным рентгенофазового анализа в составе приготовленных покрытий обнаруживаются карбид вольфрама, субкарбид вольфрама (W2C), интерметаллид Al86Fe14, ферроникель (FeNi) и ОЦК-фазы AlNi, AlFe. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Определено, что при повышении размера фракции порошка WC в электроде состав матрицы покрытий обогащался алюминием, тогда как концентрация железа снижалась с 60 до 30 ат. %. Показано, что наиболее низкие значения твердости, износостойкости и жаростойкости наблюдались для образца, полученного с использованием нанопорошка карбида вольфрама. Установлено, что микротвердость осажденных слоев находилась в диапазоне от 4,39 до 9,16 ГПа. Определено, что жаростойкость образцов с покрытиями при температуре 700 °С монотонно возрастала с ростом размера фракции порошка карбида вольфрама. В работе установлено, что применение порошка карбида вольфрама с размером фракций от 20 до 40 мкм обеспечивает наилучшие показатели твердости, износостойкости и жаростойкости покрытий WC/Fe-Ni-Al при температуре 700 °С. Показано, что такие покрытия позволяют повысить жаростойкость стали 45 в 11,6 раза, а износостойкость в 44–80 раз, что открывает перспективы их применения в высокоинтенсивных приложениях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>WC/Fe-Ni-Al coating</kwd><kwd>Electrospark depositing (ESD)</kwd><kwd>Coefficient of friction</kwd><kwd>Oxidation resistance</kwd><kwd>Wear</kwd><kwd>WC nanopowder</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Покрытие WC/Fe-Ni-Al</kwd><kwd>электроискровое легирование</kwd><kwd>коэффициент трения</kwd><kwd>жаростойкость</kwd><kwd>износ</kwd><kwd>нанопорошок WC</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Funding&#13;
The work was carried out within the framework of state assignment No. 075-00399-25-04.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансирование&#13;
Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания № 075-00399-25-04.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>High-temperature corrosion characterization of Ni-Al laser cladding: The effect of Al content and Fe / X. Wang, Z. Liu, K. Cheng, J. Li, H. Ning, J. Mao // Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. – 2024. – Vol. 33 (5). – P. 1417–1439. – DOI: 10.1007/s11666-024-01782-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Study on the microstructure and properties of a laser cladding Fe–Ni–Al coating based on the invar effect / Z. Wang, J. Zhang, F. Zhang, C. Qi // Scientific Reports. – 2024. – Vol. 14 (1). – P. 11685. – DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62306-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear of Ni–Al–Fe alloys / P.R. Munroe, M. George, I. Baker, F.E. 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