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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">356663</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-62-79</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Milling of a blank from austenitic stainless steel AISI 321, deposited using wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фрезерование заготовки из аустенитной нержавеющей стали AISI 321, наплавленной методом проволочно-дугового аддитивного производства (WAAM)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7820-1227</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">MZQ-6626-2025</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7543-1914</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Qingrong</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чжан</surname><given-names>Цинжун</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Post-graduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>cinzhun1@tpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-0170</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6602818041</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">L-6178-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9036-3306</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimenov</surname><given-names>Vasiliy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клименов</surname><given-names>Василий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>klimenov@tpu.ru</email><uri>https://staff.tpu.ru/personal/employee?lid=58243</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-5713</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57117126400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAH-4717-2019</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8273-1440</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Виктор Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>kozlov-viktor@bk.ru</email><uri>https://staff.tpu.ru/personal/employee?lid=58330</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4319-7945</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6508235280</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAG-6844-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3449-9185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chinakhov</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чинахов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>chinakhov@corp.nstu.ru</email><uri>https://ciu.nstu.ru/kaf/persons/96587</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-6541</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58310050000</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AGU-5699-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3444-2695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Zeli</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хань</surname><given-names>Цзэли</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Post-graduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>hanzelizy@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3738-0193</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58000788300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">KRV-7414-2024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1437-7723</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Qi</surname><given-names>Mengxu</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ци</surname><given-names>Мэнсюй</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Post-graduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>mensyuy1@tpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6303-7453</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">LFS-2489-2024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1210-3746</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ding</surname><given-names>Zeru</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дин</surname><given-names>Цзэжу</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Post-graduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>czezhu1@tpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1128-9935</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">JQV-6745-2023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7570-5817</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pan</surname><given-names>Menghua</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пань</surname><given-names>Мэнхуа</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Post-graduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>menhua1@tpu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO4 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №4 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Zhang Q., Klimenov V.A., Kozlov V.N., Chinakhov D.A., Han Z., Qi M., Ding Z., Pan M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Чжан Ц., Клименов В.А., Козлов В.Н., Чинахов Д.А., Хань Ц., Ци М., Дин Ц., Пань М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhang Q., Klimenov V.A., Kozlov V.N., Chinakhov D.A., Han Z., Qi M., Ding Z., Pan M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чжан Ц., Клименов В.А., Козлов В.Н., Чинахов Д.А., Хань Ц., Ци М., Дин Ц., Пань М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356663">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356663</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), due to its “design as manufacturing” characteristic, is gradually becoming one of the most promising technologies. However, at present, there are no comprehensive comparative studies on the microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited samples made from austenitic stainless steel at different locations of the sample. In addition, their machinability remains insufficiently investigated. <bold>The purpose of this study</bold> is to compare the microstructure and mechanical properties of samples made of austenitic stainless steel ER321 (analogues – AISI 321, 0.08% C-18% Cr-10% Ni-Ti) obtained by the WAAM method at different locations within the sample and to assess their machinability by the magnitude of the components of the cutting force during end milling and the roughness of the machined surface. The properties and microstructure of samples obtained by wire-arc additive technology are investigated, and milling forces <bold>are investigated</bold>. The effect of the feed on the components of the cutting force and the roughness of the machined surfaces during conventional milling of ER321 steel workpieces using 12 mm diameter cemented carbide end mills with a wear-resistant AlTiN coating applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is determined. <bold>Research methods.</bold> The content of elements and the solidification pattern in various parts of the workpieces were determined using X-ray microanalysis. The microstructure of the samples was studied by a metallographic method. Stress-strain diagrams were obtained by tensile tests, and the microhardness of the samples was also measured. In comparison with the pattern of conventional milling of rolled workpieces, a pattern of changes in cutting forces and surface roughness was established depending on the feed rate during milling of deposited workpieces. <bold>Results and discussion. </bold>During deposition, ferrite with a vermicular morphology is primarily formed in the lower region of the sample, whereas austenite with a dendritic ferrite structure is observed in other regions. The microhardness values of the deposited and rolled samples are close, averaging around 230 HV0.1. The ultimate tensile strength of the rolled samples is 666 MPa, which is approximately 40 MPa higher than that of the deposited samples. During milling of the deposited workpieces, the lateral cutting force acting perpendicular to the feed direction is greater, and the surface quality is poorer. During milling of deposited workpieces, the lateral cutting force acting perpendicular to the feed direction is greater, and the surface quality is poorer. During milling of deposited workpieces, the feed force acting in the feed direction is greater under high feed rates.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Проволочно-дуговое аддитивное производство (WAAM) благодаря своей характеристике «проектирование как производство» постепенно становится одной из перспективных технологий. Однако в настоящее время отсутствуют сравнительные исследования микроструктуры и механических свойств наплавленных образцов из аустенитной нержавеющей стали на различных участках, а также недостаточно изучена их обрабатываемость. <bold>Цель работы.</bold> Сравнение микроструктуры и механических свойств образцов из аустенитной нержавеющей стали ER321 (аналоги – AISI 321, 08Х18Н10Т), полученных методом WAAM, на различных участках и оценка их обрабатываемости по величине составляющих силы резания при концевом фрезеровании и шероховатости обработанной поверхности. <bold>В работе исследованы</bold> свойства и микроструктура образцов, полученных проволочно-дуговой аддитивной технологией, измерены силы фрезерования. Установлено влияние подачи на составляющие силы резания и шероховатость обработанных поверхностей при встречном фрезеровании образцов из стали ER321 концевыми фрезами из твердого сплава ВК10 диаметром 12 мм с износостойким покрытием AlTiN, нанесенным методом физического осаждения из паровой фазы (PVD). <bold>Методы исследования.</bold> С использованием микрорентгеноспектрального анализа определялись содержание элементов и схема затвердевания в различных участках образцов. Металлографическим методом исследовалась микроструктура образцов. В результате испытаний на растяжение были получены диаграммы растяжения, а также измерялась микротвердость образцов. По сравнению с закономерностью при встречном фрезеровании прокатанных образцов была установлена закономерность изменения сил резания и шероховатости поверхности в зависимости от величины подачи при фрезеровании наплавленных образцов. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение. </bold>При наплавке на нижнем участке образца первично выделяется феррит червеобразной формы, а на остальных участках – аустенит, в котором феррит имеет дендритную форму. Значения микротвердости наплавленных и прокатанных образцов близки и составляют около 230 HV0,1. Предел прочности на растяжение прокатанных образцов составляет 666 МПа, что примерно на 40 МПа выше, чем у наплавленных образцов. При фрезеровании наплавленных образцов боковая сила, действующая перпендикулярно направлению подачи, больше, а качество обработанной поверхности хуже. При большой минутной подаче при фрезеровании наплавленных образцов сила подачи, действующая в направлении подачи, больше, чем у прокатанных образцов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Wire-arc additive manufacturing</kwd><kwd>Cold metal transfer</kwd><kwd>Austenitic stainless steel ER321</kwd><kwd>Microstructure&#13;
Mechanical property</kwd><kwd>Milling force</kwd><kwd>Roughness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Аддитивное производство дуговым наплавлением проволокой</kwd><kwd>Холодный перенос металла</kwd><kwd>Аустенитная нержавеющая сталь ER321</kwd><kwd>Микроструктура</kwd><kwd>Механическое свойство</kwd><kwd>Сила фрезерования</kwd><kwd>Шероховатость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The equipment used for the research was provided by the Shared Use Center “Structure, Mechanical and Physical Properties of Materials” at Novosibirsk State Technical University.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">В работе для исследований было использовано оборудование Центра коллективного пользования «Структура, механические и физические свойства материалов» Новосибирского государственного технического университета.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="en"><p>The equipment used for the research was provided by the Shared Use Center “Structure, Mechanical and Physical Properties of Materials” at Novosibirsk State Technical University.</p></fn><fn xml:lang="ru"><p>В работе для исследований было использовано оборудование Центра коллективного пользования «Структура, механические и физические свойства материалов» Новосибирского государственного технического университета.</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ahuja B., Karg M., Schmidt M. 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