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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">356665</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-96-115</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the melting ability of oxide fluxes in A-TIG welding of carbon and low-alloy steels</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка проплавляющей способности оксидных флюсов при сварке А-TIG углеродистых и низколегированных сталей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3287-3298</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57189716281</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">H-8191-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5237-9442</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karlina</surname><given-names>Antonina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карлина</surname><given-names>Антонина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>karlinat@mail.ru</email><uri>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonina-Karlina</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7437-2291</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56509486000</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">A-9010-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6927-7394</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratiev</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьев</surname><given-names>Виктор Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>imz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1953-1584</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56432551500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-1577-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7798-9358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladkikh</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладких</surname><given-names>Виталий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>gladkich_87@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1076-2709</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55542811800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">D-7344-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2335-2189</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vitkina</surname><given-names>Galina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Витькина</surname><given-names>Галина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>20procents@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5900-065X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56281057500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2106-3870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kononenko</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кононенко</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>istu_politeh@mail.ru</email><uri>https://www.istu.edu/person/39082</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт геохимии им. А.П. Виноградова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Cherepovets State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Череповецкий государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk National Research Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO4 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №4 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Karlina A.I., Kondratiev V.V., Gladkikh V.A., Vitkina G.Y., Kononenko R.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Карлина А.И., Кондратьев В.В., Гладких В.А., Витькина Г.Ю., Кононенко Р.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karlina A.I., Kondratiev V.V., Gladkikh V.A., Vitkina G.Y., Kononenko R.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карлина А.И., Кондратьев В.В., Гладких В.А., Витькина Г.Ю., Кононенко Р.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356665">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356665</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding has gained widespread popularity due to its advantages, including effective shielding, a stable arc, easy heat input adjustment, reduced metal spatter, and an attractive weld appearance. However, relatively shallow penetration and low efficiency limit its application. To improve welding efficiency and expand its scope of application, researchers both domestically and internationally have conducted significant studies aimed at increasing the energy density of the traditional TIG arc. This includes activating TIG (A-TIG) arc welding, which utilizes a flux applied to the weld surface. Further investigation of the mechanism for increasing arc energy density in A-TIG welding will allow us to propose new ideas and methods for highly efficient TIG welding technology. <bold>The purpose </bold>of this study is to evaluate the technological potential of using oxide activators TiO2 and SiO2 to improve penetration efficiency and weld quality of carbon and low-alloy steels. <bold>Methods.</bold> This work involved comparative A-TIG welding tests. The tests included the use of 3.5 mm and 8 mm thick plates (300 mm × 300 mm) made of unalloyed (carbon) steel St3 and low-alloy steel 0.09 C-2Mn-Si. Welding tests included the use of single-component fluxes in the form of oxides (TiO2, SiO2). All experimental welds were performed under the same conditions, without the use of filler metal (TIG welding), with a current in the range of 10–200 A and a welding speed of 150 mm/min. Arc voltage was maintained in the range of 10.4 V to 12.8 V; heat input was in the range of 0.499 kJ/mm to 0.614 kJ/mm. All welds were subjected to visual inspection of the surface condition and macrostructural studies to determine their dimensions. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> Most tests observed significant differences in arc shape compared to traditional TIG and A-TIG processes. Results of A-TIG welding tests on unalloyed and low-alloy steels showed that penetration depth increased slightly in steels characterized by a higher degree of deoxidation and metallurgical purity. Evidently, not every activator was responsible for the increased penetration depth, but the use of TiO2 and SiO2 oxides was undoubtedly beneficial. An arc constriction mechanism is proposed, which is widely applicable to A-TIG welding of steel with various types of fluxes studied. Arc constriction occurs due to the formation of negative ions in the outer region of the arc or due to the flux coating on the surface. Thus, arc constriction increases the current density and heat intensity at the root of the anode. This increases the force and pressure of magnetic constriction, resulting in a strong downward convection flow. The use of silicon and titanium oxides (TiO2 and SiO2) increases penetration depth during A-TIG welding, regardless of steel type and grade. The degree of penetration increase was limited to a range of 40% to 200%.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Сварка вольфрамовым электродом в среде инертного газа (TIG) получила широкое распространение благодаря таким преимуществам, как хороший защитный эффект, стабильная дуга, лёгкая регулировка тепловложения, уменьшение разбрызгивания металла и привлекательный внешний вид сварного шва. Однако относительно неглубокое проплавление и низкая эффективность ограничивают её применение. Для повышения эффективности сварки и расширения сферы её применения отечественные и зарубежные учёные провели значительные исследования, направленные на повышение плотности энергии традиционной дуги TIG. К ним относятся активирующая дуговая сварка TIG (A-TIG) с использованием флюса, наносимого на поверхность сварочного стыка. Дальнейшее обсуждение механизма повышения плотности энергии дуги при сварке А-TIG позволит нам предложить новые идеи и методы для высокоэффективной технологии производства сварочных процессов TIG. <bold>Цель настоящей работы:</bold> оценка технологического потенциала метода применения оксидных активирующих флюсов TiO2 и SiO2 для повышения эффективности проплавления и качества сварочного процесса углеродистых и низколегированных сталей. <bold>Методы и материалы исследований.</bold> В работе<bold> </bold>проводили сравнительные испытания сварки A-TIG пластин толщиной 3,5 и 8 мм (300×300 мм), изготовленных из нелегированной (углеродистой) стали Ст3, а также низколегированной стали 09Г2С.<bold> </bold>Сварочные испытания включали в себя применение однокомпонентных флюсов в виде оксидов (TiO2, SiO2). Все экспериментальные сварные швы выполнялись в одинаковых условиях, без использования присадочного металла (сварка TIG), током в диапазоне 10…200 А со скоростью сварки 150 мм/мин. Напряжение дуги ограничивалось в диапазоне от 10,4 до 12,8 В; погонная энергия – в диапазоне от 0,499 до 0,614 кДж/мм. Все сварные швы подвергались визуальному контролю состояния поверхности и макроструктурным исследованиям для определения их размеров. <bold>Результаты и обсуждения.</bold> В большинстве испытаний наблюдалось существенное различие в форме дуги по сравнению с традиционными процессами TIG и A-TIG. Результаты испытаний сварки A-TIG нелегированных и низколегированных сталей показали, что глубина проплавления незначительно увеличивалась в сталях, характеризующихся более высокой степенью раскисления и металлургической чистотой. Очевидно, что не каждый активатор отвечал за увеличение глубины проплавления, однако использование оксидов TiO2 и SiO2 оказалось, несомненно, благоприятным. Предложен механизм сжатия дуги для сварки A-TIG стали с различными типами исследованных флюсов. Сужение дуги происходит из-за образования отрицательных ионов во внешней области дуги или из-за флюса на поверхности. Таким образом, сужение дуги повышает плотность тока и интенсивность тепла в корне анода. Это увеличивает силу и давление магнитного сжатия, и таким образом возникает сильный конвекционный поток вниз. Использование оксидов кремния и титана (TiO2 и SiO2) приводит к увеличению глубины проплавления при сварке A-TIG, независимо от типа и марки стали. Степень увеличения глубины проплавления ограничивалась диапазоном от 40 до 200 %.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Welding</kwd><kwd>Activating fluxes</kwd><kwd>Penetration depth</kwd><kwd>Coating thickness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Сварка</kwd><kwd>Активирующие флюсы</kwd><kwd>Глубина проплавления</kwd><kwd>Толщина покрытия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Контракция дуги флюсом при сварке вольфрамовым электродом в аргоне / Б.Е. Патон, В.Н. Замков, В.П. Прилуцкий, П.В. Порицкий // Автоматическая сварка. – 2000. – № 1. – С. 3–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Савицкий М.М., Кушниренко Б.Н., Олейник О.Н. 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