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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">356671</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-206-220</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Anisotropy of properties in metal materials fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование анизотропии свойств синтезированных металлических материалов WAAM-методом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-0501</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6506677389</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAQ-9985-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6910-0233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirichek</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киричек</surname><given-names>Андрей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук , профессор</p></bio><email>avkbgtu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-319X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6603827038</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-8393-2015</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloviev</surname><given-names>Dmitry L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук , профессор</p></bio><email>murstin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-1300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36816597400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-8330-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3473-4047</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yashin</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яшин</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>yashin2102@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-385X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">59747487400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2686-4678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Silantyev</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Силантьев</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>ppdsio@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4979-7164</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57189059617</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">K-8968-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9617-7413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aborkin</surname><given-names>Artemy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аборкин</surname><given-names>Артемий Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>aborkin@vlsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7552-312X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">P-6142-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1355-7688</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>Maxim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Scientific associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>NovikovMax14@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bryansk State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Брянский государственный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Владимирский государственный университет имени Александра Григорьевича и Николая Григорьевича Столетовых</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO4 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №4 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>206</fpage><lpage>220</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Kirichek A.V., Solovyev D.L., Yashin A.V., Silantyev S.A., Aborkin A.V., Novikov M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Киричек А.В., Соловьев Д.Л., Яшин А.В., Силантьев С.А., Аборкин А.В., Новиков М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirichek A.V., Solovyev D.L., Yashin A.V., Silantyev S.A., Aborkin A.V., Novikov M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киричек А.В., Соловьев Д.Л., Яшин А.В., Силантьев С.А., Аборкин А.В., Новиков М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356671">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356671</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, particularly wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), offer a rapid and cost-effective approach for producing complex metal components. However, WAAM can induce anisotropy in the resulting material's physical and mechanical properties. This anisotropy must be considered in design and application to ensure reliable performance in service. <bold>The purpose of the work.</bold> This study aims to quantitatively assess the anisotropy of mechanical properties in materials produced by WAAM to enhance the reliability of components used in critical applications. <bold>Research methodology.</bold> Samples were fabricated from low-carbon alloyed steel (0.08 C-2 Mn-1 Si), stainless steel (0.04 C-19 Cr-9 Ni), and aluminum alloy (97 Al-3 Mg) using the WAAM process. These samples were then subjected to mechanical testing to determine their tensile and impact toughness and hardness. Results were compared to those of the materials in the initial state to determine the relative anisotropy of each property. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> For 0.08 C-2 Mn-1 Si steel, the tensile strength of WAAM-fabricated samples exhibited minimal variation across different orientations, indicating relatively high isotropy (relative anisotropy of 1.3 %). A relative anisotropy of 33 % was observed for elongation, 21 % for impact toughness, and 16 % for hardness. The 0.04 C-19 Cr-9 Ni stainless steel exhibited a relative anisotropy of 15.1 % for tensile strength, 244 % for elongation, 33 % for impact toughness, and 4% for hardness. The 97 Al-3 Mg aluminum alloy showed a significant relative anisotropy in tensile strength (83.6 %) and relative elongation (513 %) due to differences in the “vertical” direction. Impact toughness exhibited only slight variations (28 %) depending on sample orientation, while hardness can be considered isotropic. In general, hardness demonstrated the lowest relative anisotropy, while elongation exhibited the highest.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Аддитивные технологии, в частности WAAM-метод, позволяют быстро и экономично производить сложные металлические изделия. Однако при этом возникает анизотропия физико-механических свойств синтезированных материалов, которую необходимо учитывать при их дальнейшей эксплуатации. <bold>Цель работы.</bold> Количественная оценка анизотропии свойств материалов, полученных WAAM-методом, для повышения надежности применения изделий в ответственных конструкциях. <bold>Методика исследования.</bold> Экспериментальное создание образцов из низкоуглеродистой легированной стали 08Г2С, нержавеющей стали 04Х19Н9 и алюминиевого сплава АМг3 и последующее их исследование на прочность, ударную вязкость и твердость. Результаты приведены в сравнении с материалами в исходном состоянии, что позволяет рассмотреть относительную анизотропию по каждому из параметров. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Исследование показало, что для стали 08Г2С предел прочности образцов, полученных WAAM-методом, почти не отличается по направлениям, что свидетельствует о высокой изотропии (относительная анизотропия составила 1,3 %). У относительного удлинения наблюдается относительная анизотропия 33 %, у ударной вязкости 21 %, у твердости 16 %. Сталь 04Х19Н9 проявляет относительную анизотропию по пределу прочности 15,1 %, по относительному удлинению 244 %, по ударной вязкости 33 %, по твердости 4 %. У алюминиевого сплава АМг3 из-за «вертикального» направления относительная анизотропия предела прочности составила 83,6 %, а относительного удлинения – 513 %. Для ударной вязкости в зависимости от места вырезки образцов относительная анизотропия изменяется незначительно (28 %), по твердости материал можно считать изотропным. В целом наименьшая относительная анизотропия наблюдается по твердости, а наибольшая – по относительному удлинению.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Additive technologies</kwd><kwd>Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)</kwd><kwd>Anisotropy</kwd><kwd>Tensile strength</kwd><kwd>Hardness</kwd><kwd>Impact toughness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Аддитивные технологии</kwd><kwd>WAAM</kwd><kwd>Анизотропия</kwd><kwd>Прочность</kwd><kwd>Твердость</kwd><kwd>Ударная вязкость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Funding&#13;
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The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, as part of the basic part of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under project No. FZWR-2024-0003 (No. 075-00150-24-03) “Development of a technological strategy and theoretical and experimental study of the key elements of the technology of additive synthesis of metal wire parts using the 3DMP method and wave thermo-deformation strengthening of synthesized machine parts”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансирование:&#13;
&#13;
Исследование выполнено при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, работа «Проведение фундаментальных научных исследований» в рамках базовой части государственного задания Минобрнауки РФ по проекту №FZWR-2024-0003 (№ 075-00150-24-03) «Разработка технологической стратегии и теоретико-экспериментальное исследование ключевых элементов технологии аддитивного синтеза из металлической проволоки деталей 3DMP-методом и волнового термодеформационного упрочнения синтезируемых деталей машин».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Funding</italic></p>&#13;
<p>The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, as part of the basic part of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under project No. FZWR-2024-0003 (No. 075-00150-24-03) “Development of a technological strategy and theoretical and experimental study of the key elements of the technology of additive synthesis of metal wire parts using the 3DMP method and wave thermo-deformation strengthening of synthesized machine parts”.</p></fn><fn xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Финансирование:</italic></p>&#13;
<p>Исследование выполнено при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, работа «Проведение фундаментальных научных исследований» в рамках базовой части государственного задания Минобрнауки РФ по проекту №FZWR-2024-0003 (№ 075-00150-24-03) «Разработка технологической стратегии и теоретико-экспериментальное исследование ключевых элементов технологии аддитивного синтеза из металлической проволоки деталей 3DMP-методом и волнового термодеформационного упрочнения синтезируемых деталей машин».</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Tomar B., Shiva S., Nath T. 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