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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">356673</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-239-256</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of heat treatment on the structure and properties of magnesium alloy MA20 subjected to severe plastic deformation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние термической обработки на структуру и свойства магниевого сплава МА20, подвергнутого интенсивной пластической деформации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6504-8193</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57220996127</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAG-8084-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3820-6600</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Luginin</surname><given-names>Nikita A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лугинин</surname><given-names>Никита Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер</p></bio><email>nikishek90@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8812-9287</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36010424600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">H-2204-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4097-7039</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eroshenko</surname><given-names>Anna Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерошенко</surname><given-names>Анна Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>eroshenko@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2176-8636</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57201271975</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-3259-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5978-3685</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prosolov</surname><given-names>Konstantin A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Просолов</surname><given-names>Константин Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><email>Konstprosolov@ispms.ru</email><uri>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Konstantin-Prosolov</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5859-7418</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56433266500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-2420-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2785-2322</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khimich</surname><given-names>Margarita A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Химич</surname><given-names>Маргарита Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>khimich@ispms.ru</email><uri>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margarita-Khimich</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5557-5950</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56439284200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">E-5075-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4584-1195</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glukhov</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глухов</surname><given-names>Иван Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Main specialist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный специалист</p></bio><email>gia@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-0743</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57218921552</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAT-3367-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7100-8529</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panfilov</surname><given-names>Alexander O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панфилов</surname><given-names>Александр Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с.</p></bio><email>alexpl@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4669-8478</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">54894882600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAG-8118-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6362-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolmachev</surname><given-names>Alexey I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толмачев</surname><given-names>Алексей Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Main specialist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный специалист</p></bio><email>tolmach@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-3765</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55308247200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4944-4711</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Uvarkin</surname><given-names>Pavel V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уваркин</surname><given-names>Павел Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Advanced manufacturing engineer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий технолог</p></bio><email>uvarkin@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-3654</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56487345300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAQ-3793-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8374-9172</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashin</surname><given-names>Alexander D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашин</surname><given-names>Александр Даниилович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер</p></bio><email>kash@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5037-245X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7003598948</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">E-5116-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1844-5410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharkeev</surname><given-names>Yurii P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаркеев</surname><given-names>Юрий Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Physics and Mathematics), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физ.-мат. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>sharkeev@ispms.ru</email><uri>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yurii-Sharkeev</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Sciences SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики прочности и материаловедения СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO4 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №4 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>239</fpage><lpage>256</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Luginin N.A., Eroshenko A.Y., Prosolov K.A., Khimich M.A., Glukhov I.A., Panfilov A.O., Tolmachev A.I., Uvarkin P.V., Kashin A.D., Sharkeev Y.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Лугинин Н.А., Ерошенко А.Ю., Просолов К.А., Химич М.А., Глухов И.А., Панфилов А.О., Толмачев А.И., Уваркин П.В., Кашин А.Д., Шаркеев Ю.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Luginin N.A., Eroshenko A.Y., Prosolov K.A., Khimich M.A., Glukhov I.A., Panfilov A.O., Tolmachev A.I., Uvarkin P.V., Kashin A.D., Sharkeev Y.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лугинин Н.А., Ерошенко А.Ю., Просолов К.А., Химич М.А., Глухов И.А., Панфилов А.О., Толмачев А.И., Уваркин П.В., Кашин А.Д., Шаркеев Ю.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356673">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356673</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold><bold>.</bold> One of the most promising fields for the application of magnesium alloys is medicine. Their key advantages are bioresorbability and a low elastic modulus, comparable to that of human cortical bone (up to 30 GPa). Biocompatible Mg-Zn-Zr-Ce (MA20) system alloys are among the most promising for medical applications. Due to their relatively low mechanical properties, the development of severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques for forming an ultrafine-grained (UFG) state in bulk billets of the Mg-Zn-Zr-Ce alloy to achieve optimal functional properties requires further research. Analyzing the conditions for forming a high-strength UFG state necessitates considering various strengthening mechanisms, including well-known ones related to the effect of UFG structures. Identifying the deformation and strain hardening mechanisms in magnesium alloys subjected to SPD is also highly relevant. The <bold>purpose of this work</bold> is to establish the mechanisms of strain hardening and to investigate the influence of heat treatment on the structure and properties of the MA20 magnesium alloy after combined SPD. <bold>Research methods.</bold> The study object was the MA20 alloy in a UFG state (wt. %: Mg – 98.0; Zn – 1.3; Ce – 0.1; Zr – 0.1; O – 0.5). The UFG state was achieved via a combined SPD process involving ABC-pressing followed by multi-pass rolling in grooved rolls. To study the effect of annealing on the microstructure and mechanical tensile properties, samples were annealed in air at temperatures of 200, 250, 300, and 500 °C for 24 hours. The microstructure and phase composition of the samples were investigated using optical and transmission electron microscopy. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> It was established that applying a combined SPD method (ABC-pressing and multi-pass rolling) to the MA20 alloy results in the formation of an ultrafine-grained structure with an average grain size of about 1 μm. This leads to a significant increase in yield strength (<bold>σ<sub>0.2</sub></bold>) to 250 MPa and ultimate tensile strength (<bold>σ<sub>u</sub></bold>) to 270 MPa, while simultaneously reducing ductility to 3%. Annealing at 200 °C was found to preserve the UFG state in the MA20 alloy and to lead to a 100% increase in ductility, with an 8% decrease in <bold>σ<sub>0.2</sub></bold> and a 4% decrease in <bold>σ<sub>u</sub></bold> compared to the initial UFG state (non-annealed). <bold>Conclusions</bold>. It was revealed that the grain boundary (σ<sub>grain</sub> = 202 MPa) and dislocation (σ<sub>dis</sub> = 69 MPa) strengthening contributions provide the most significant increase in the strength of the UFG MA20 magnesium alloy. For the magnesium alloy in the UFG and fine-grained (FG) states, a critical grain size interval of (1–7) μm was identified, corresponding to a sharp increase in the intensity of change for the calculated contributions of dislocation (d<bold>σ<sub>dis</sub></bold>/ d<bold>d</bold>), grain boundary (d<bold>σ<sub>grain</sub></bold>/ d<bold>d</bold>), overall strengthening (d<bold>σ<sub>total</sub></bold>/d<bold>d</bold>), and dislocation density (d<bold>ρ</bold>/d<bold>d</bold>). For the coarse-grained (CG) state of the alloy in the grain size range (7–40) μm, these parameters stabilize.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold><bold>. </bold>Медицина считается одним из наиболее перспективных направлений использования магниевых сплавов. Их ключевыми преимуществами являются биорезорбируемость и относительно низкий модуль упругости, сопоставимый с модулем упругости кортикальной кости человека (до 30 ГПа). Для медицинских приложений наиболее перспективны биосовместимые сплавы системы Mg-Zn-Zr-Сe (МА20). Ввиду их невысоких механических свойств требуют дальнейшего развития вопросы, связанные с разработкой методов интенсивной пластической деформации (ИПД) для формирования ультрамелкозернистого (УМЗ) состояния в объемных заготовках сплава Mg-Zn-Zr-Сe с целью получения оптимальных функциональных свойств. Для анализа условий формирования высокопрочного состояния УМЗ-сплавов необходимо учитывать различные механизмы упрочнения, включая и хорошо известные, связанные с влиянием УМЗ-структур. Актуальными также являются вопросы по выявлению механизмов деформации и деформационного упрочнения магниевых сплавов, подвергнутых ИПД. <bold>Цель работы:</bold> установление механизмов деформационного упрочнения и влияния термообработки на структуру и свойства магниевого сплава МА20 после комбинированной ИПД. <bold>Методы исследования.</bold> Объектом исследования являлся сплав МА20 в УМЗ-состоянии (масс. %: Mg – 98,0; Zn – 1,3; Ce – 0,1; Zr – 0,1, O – 0,5). УМЗ-состояние в сплаве получали методом ИПД, который включал в себя abc-прессование и последующую многоходовую прокатку в ручьевых валках. С целью исследования влияния отжигов на микроструктуру и механические свойства сплава образцы отжигали при температурах 200, 250, 300 и 500 °С в течение 24 часов на воздухе. Микроструктуру и фазовый состав образцов исследовали с помощью оптической и просвечивающей электронной микроскопии. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение</bold><bold>.</bold> Установлено, что применение к образцам сплава МА20 комбинированного метода интенсивной пластической деформации, который состоит из 3аbс-прессования и последующей многоходовой прокатки, приводит к формированию УМЗ-структуры со средним размером зерна около 1 мкм. Достигается значительное повышение условного предела текучести σ<sub>0,2</sub> до 250 МПа и временного предела прочности σ<sub>B</sub> до 270 МПа при одновременном снижении относительного удлинения до 3 %. Установлено, что отжиг при 200 °C сохраняет УМЗ-состояние в сплаве МА20 и способствует увеличению пластичности на 100 %, уменьшению σ<sub>0,2</sub> на 8 %, σ<sub>В</sub> – на 4 % по сравнению с исходным УМЗ-состоянием (без отжига). <bold>Выводы.</bold> Выявлено, что наибольший вклад в упрочнение УМЗ-магниевого сплава МА20 вносят зернограничный (σ<sub>зер</sub> = 202 МПа) и дислокационный (σ<sub>дис</sub> = 69 МПа) механизмы упрочнения. Для магниевого сплава в УМЗ- и мелкокристаллическом (МК) состояниях выявлен интервал размера зерен 1…7 мкм, соответствующий резкому росту интенсивности изменения рассчитанных вкладов дислокационного, зернограничного и общего упрочнений (dσ<sub>дис</sub>/dd, dσ<sub>зер</sub>/dd, dσ<sub>общ</sub>/dd) и плотности дислокаций dρ/dd. Для крупнокристаллического (КК) состояния сплава в интервале размеров зерен 7…40 мкм наблюдается стабилизация указанных параметров.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Magnesium alloys</kwd><kwd>Severe plastic deformation</kwd><kwd>Mechanical properties</kwd><kwd>Heat treatment</kwd><kwd>Phase composition</kwd><kwd>Structure</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Магниевые сплавы</kwd><kwd>Интенсивная пластическая деформация</kwd><kwd>Механические свойства</kwd><kwd>Термическая обработка</kwd><kwd>Фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>Структура</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Funding&#13;
&#13;
The Russian Science Foundation has financially supported the work, project No. 23-13-00359, available online: https://rscf.ru/project/23-13-00359/. The investigations have been carried out using the equipment of Share Use Centre “Nanotech” of the ISPMS SB RAS and at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials” NSTU.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансирование:&#13;
&#13;
Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке проекта Российского научного фонда № 23-13-00359. https://rscf.ru/project/23-13-00359/. Исследования выполнены на оборудовании ЦКП «НАНОТЕХ» ИФПМ СО РАН» и ЦКП "Структура, механические и физические свойства материалов" НГТУ.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Funding</italic></p>&#13;
<p>The Russian Science Foundation has financially supported the work, project No. 23-13-00359, available online: https://rscf.ru/project/23-13-00359/. The investigations have been carried out using the equipment of Share Use Centre “Nanotech” of the ISPMS SB RAS and at core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials” NSTU.</p></fn><fn xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Финансирование:</italic></p>&#13;
<p>Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке проекта Российского научного фонда № 23-13-00359. https://rscf.ru/project/23-13-00359/. Исследования выполнены на оборудовании ЦКП «НАНОТЕХ» ИФПМ СО РАН» и ЦКП "Структура, механические и физические свойства материалов" НГТУ.</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of heat treatment and deformation temperature on the mechanical properties of ECAP processed ZK60 magnesium alloy / Y. Yuan, A. Ma, X. Gou, J. Jiang, G. Arhin, D. Song, H. Liu // Materials Science and Engineering: A. – 2016. – Vol. 677. – P. 125–132. – DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.037.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Grain growth and Hall-Petch relationship in a refractory HfNbTaZrTi high-entropy alloy / S. Chen, K.-K. Tseng, Y. Tong, W. Li, C.-W. Tsai, J.-W. Yeh, P.K. 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