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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">356678</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-325-338</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Structure and properties of coatings based on refractory elements obtained by the method of non-vacuum electron beam surfacing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структура и свойства покрытий на основе тугоплавких элементов, полученных методом вневакуумной электронно-лучевой наплавки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7608-734X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">25627090600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">G-9820-2019</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7234-8480</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bushueva</surname><given-names>Evdokia G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бушуева</surname><given-names>Евдокия Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>bushueva@corp.nstu.ru</email><uri>https://ciu.nstu.ru/kaf/persons/20088/</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1082-2086</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8192-5075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nastavshev</surname><given-names>Artem E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наставшев</surname><given-names>Артём Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>artem.nastavshev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-8405</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56071091100</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">HLW-5596-2023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7355-7796</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skorokhod</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скороход</surname><given-names>Ксения Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с.</p></bio><email>k.skorokhod@itam.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2422-1513</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55325348200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">E-3638-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6160-8912</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Domarov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Домаров</surname><given-names>Евгений Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Scientific associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н.с.</p></bio><email>domarov88@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-7238</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">14827250100</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-7394-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3626-3270</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mishin</surname><given-names>Ivan P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мишин</surname><given-names>Иван Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Scientific associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, н.с.</p></bio><email>mip@ispms.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теоретической и прикладной механики им. С.А. Христиановича СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт ядерной физики им. Г.И. Будкера СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики прочности и материаловедения Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO4 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №4 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>338</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bushueva E.G., Nastavshev A.E., Skorokhod K.A., Domarov E.V., Mishin I.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Бушуева Е.Г., Наставшев А.Е., Скороход К.А., Домаров Е.В., Мишин И.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bushueva E.G., Nastavshev A.E., Skorokhod K.A., Domarov E.V., Mishin I.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бушуева Е.Г., Наставшев А.Е., Скороход К.А., Домаров Е.В., Мишин И.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356678">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/356678</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The development of modern industry requires materials capable of withstanding high temperatures and loads while maintaining functionality and performance. Traditional materials, such as 0.4 C-Cr structural steel, are widely used in mechanical engineering and are inexpensive. However, ordinary and low-alloy steels are subject to intense oxidation when exposed to temperatures above 400°C. To improve the performance of structural steels under high-temperature conditions, the development of effective methods for modifying their surfaces is an an urgent task. <bold>The purpose of this work</bold> is to develop a technology for creating high-temperature oxidation resistant surface layers on 0.4 C-Cr structural steel. For this purpose, the non-vacuum electron beam surfacing method was used, employing powder materials based on refractory elements: niobium, molybdenum, and boron. <bold>Materials and methods. </bold>In this study, modified layers were formed on 0.4 C-Cr steel using non-vacuum electron beam surfacing of Nb-Mo-B powder composites. The following research methods were used: optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, microhardness testing, high-temperature oxidation testing, and oxidation reaction kinetics determination. <bold>Results and discussion. </bold>The modified layers, which were 2.0–2.3 mm thick, exhibited a gradient structure consisting of molybdenum-doped niobium carbide present as dendrites and irregularly shaped crystals, as well as eutectic colonies based on the same carbide and α-Fe and α-(Mo,Fe) solid solutions. X-ray phase analysis identified the following phases in the modified layers: (Nb,Mo)C carbide and α-Fe and α-(Mo,Fe)-based solid solutions. The surfacing with Nb, Mo, and B resulted in the formation of layers on the surface of 0.4 C-Cr carbon steel that are 2.9 times harder and 3.9 times more temperature oxidation resistant than those of the unmodified steel.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Для развития областей современной промышленности требуются материалы, способные работать в условиях высоких температур и нагрузок и при этом сохранять свою функциональность и работоспособность. Традиционные материалы, такие как конструкционная сталь 40Х, широко применяются в машиностроении и обладают низкой стоимостью. Однако обыкновенные и низколегированные стали подвергаются интенсивному окислению под воздействием температур свыше 400 ?. Для повышения эксплуатационных характеристик конструкционных сталей в высокотемпературных условиях актуальной задачей является разработка эффективных методов модификации их поверхности. <bold>Цель работы.</bold> Разработка технологии создания жаростойких поверхностных слоев на конструкционной стали марки 40Х. Для этого применялся метод вневакуумной электронно-лучевой наплавки порошковых материалов на основе тугоплавких элементов: ниобия, молибдена и бора. <bold>Методика исследования.</bold> В рамках исследования проводилось формирование модифицированных слоев на сталь 40Х методом вневакуумной электронно-лучевой наплавки порошковых композиций системы Nb-Mo-B. Методами исследования являются оптическая микроскопия, растровая электронная микроскопия, рентгеноструктурный анализ, оценка микротвердости, испытание на высокотемпературное окисление и расчет кинетики реакции окисления. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение. </bold>Строение модифицированных слоев с толщиной 2,0…2,3 мм имеет градиентную структуру, состоящую из легированного молибденом карбида ниобия в виде дендритов и кристаллов неправильной формы, а также эвтектических колоний на основе этого же карбида и твердых растворов α-Fe и α-(Mo, Fe). Рентгенофазовый анализ позволил установить в модифицированных слоях фазы карбида (Nb, Mo)C и твердые растворы на основе α-Fe и α-(Mo, Fe). Наплавка Nb, Mo и B позволила сформировать на поверхности углеродистой стали 40Х слои, имеющие твердость выше в 2,9 раза и жаростойкость выше в 3,9 раза относительно неупрочненной стали.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Structure</kwd><kwd>Electron beam surfacing</kwd><kwd>High-temperature oxidation resistance</kwd><kwd>Hardness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Структура</kwd><kwd>Электронно-лучевая наплавка</kwd><kwd>Жаростойкость</kwd><kwd>Твердость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Funding&#13;
&#13;
The study was carried out in accordance with the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project FSUN-2023-0009).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансирование&#13;
&#13;
Исследование выполнено в соответствии с государственным заданием Минобрнауки России (проект FSUN-2023-0009).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Funding</italic></p>&#13;
<p>The study was carried out in accordance with the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project FSUN-2023-0009).</p></fn><fn xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Финансирование</italic></p>&#13;
<p>Исследование выполнено в соответствии с государственным заданием Минобрнауки России (проект FSUN-2023-0009).</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Microstructure and corrosion behavior of chromium-rich stainless steel coatings deposited by different laser cladding processes / S. Sun, Z. Wu, M. Pang, J. Chang, Y. Xuan, H. Qi, R. Yang, Y. Wu // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. – 2024. – Vol. 29. – P. 3879–3890. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.02.044.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>High temperature corrosion resistance of FeCr(Ni, Al) alloys as bulk/overlay weld coatings in the presence of KCl at 600 °C / V. Ssenteza, J. Eklund, I. Hanif, J. Liske, T. 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