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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">392257</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.1-253-261</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V: A comparison between selective laser melting, electron beam melting, and spark plasma sintering</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микроструктура и механические свойства Ti6Al4V – сравнение селективного лазерного плавления, электронно-лучевой плавки и искрового плазменного спекания</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2733-206X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57215498830</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAQ-3114-2021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimi</surname><given-names>Javad</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карими</surname><given-names>Джавад</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Philological Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философских наук</p></bio><email>javadkarimimr@gmail.com</email><uri>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Javad-Karimi-4</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Технический университет – Горная академия Фрайберга</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO1 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №1 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>253</fpage><lpage>261</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-07"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Karimi J.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Карими Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karimi J.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карими Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/392257">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/392257</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Ti-6Al-4V is one of the most commonly used α+β titanium alloys in various industries due to its excellent specific strength and corrosion resistance. Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the production of Ti-6Al-4V parts with complex geometries. However, defects and microstructural inhomogeneity in the fabricated parts can adversely affect their mechanical properties. <bold>Purpose of the work.</bold> The purpose of this study is to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V parts. The defect density and inhomogeneity in the microstructure and mechanical properties of parts fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), and spark plasma sintering (SPS) were examined. The inhomogeneity in mechanical properties, specifically hardness, was quantified. Furthermore, the effects of a laser remelting strategy on microstructural homogeneity were studied. <bold>Research methods.</bold> Ti-6Al-4V parts were fabricated using additive manufacturing processes, namely SLM and EBM. Parts were also produced via the SPS method. A laser remelting strategy (scanning each layer three times) was applied during the SLM process. The effects of laser remelting on defects, microstructure, and mechanical properties were studied and compared with standard SLM (scanning each layer once), EBM, and SPS. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> A lamellar α/α′ microstructure was observed in the SLM samples, both in the as-built and remelted conditions (denoted as SLM and SLM-RM, respectively). The hardness of the SLM sample (335 HV) was found to be higher than that of the SPS sample (305 HV). Application of the remelting strategy in SLM led to an increase in hardness and improved its homogeneity. The average size and shape irregularity of porosities in the SLM samples were analyzed; it was observed that surface porosity decreased with the implementation of the remelting strategy. Laser remelting significantly influences the performance of the SLM process. The results demonstrate that these synthesis processes yield Ti-6Al-4V alloys with distinct microstructural and mechanical properties.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Ti6Al4V – один из наиболее распространенных в различных отраслях промышленности α+β-титановых сплавов, обладающий высокой удельной прочностью и коррозионной стойкостью. Аддитивные технологии позволяют изготавливать детали из Ti6Al4V со сложной геометрией. Однако дефекты, неоднородность и анизотропия микроструктуры изготавливаемых деталей влияют на их механические свойства. <bold>Цель работы:</bold> исследование микроструктуры и механических свойств деталей из Ti6Al4V. Исследованы плотность (распределение) и неоднородность дефектов микроструктуры и механических свойств деталей, изготовленных методами селективной лазерной плавки, электронно-лучевой плавки и искрового плазменного спекания. Количественно оценена неоднородность механических свойств (т. е. твердости), а также изучено влияние стратегии лазерной переплавки на микроструктурную неоднородность. <bold>Методы исследования.</bold> Детали из Ti6Al4V были изготовлены с использованием аддитивных технологий, включая селективную лазерную плавку и электронно-лучевую плавку. Детали из Ti6Al4V также были изготовлены методом электроискрового плазменного спекания, в процессе которого применялась стратегия лазерной переплавки (сканирование каждого слоя три раза). Изучено влияние лазерной переплавки на дефекты, микроструктуру и механические свойства и проведено сравнение с селективной лазерной плавкой (сканирование каждого слоя один раз), электронно-лучевой плавкой и электроискровым плазменным спеканием. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Микроструктура пластин α/α′ была представлена в образцах, полученных селективной лазерной плавкой, включая образцы в исходном состоянии и переплавленные (SLM и SLM-RM). Установлено, что твердость образца, полученного селективной лазерной плавкой (335 HV), оказалась выше по сравнению с образцом, полученным искровым плазменным спеканием (305 HV). При использовании стратегии переплавки в селективной лазерной плавке твердость увеличивалась и становилась более однородной. Были изучены средний размер и нерегулярность формы пористости в образцах, полученных селективной лазерной плавкой, и замечено, что поверхностная пористость уменьшалась при применении стратегии переплавки. Лазерная переплавка влияет на производительность процесса селективной лазерной плавки. Результаты показали, что эти процессы синтеза указывают на различные микроструктурные и механические свойства сплавов Ti6Al4V.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Titanium alloy</kwd><kwd>Additive manufacturing</kwd><kwd>Selective laser melting</kwd><kwd>Electron beam melting</kwd><kwd>Spark plasma sintering</kwd><kwd>Microstructure</kwd><kwd>Remelting</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Титановый сплав</kwd><kwd>Аддитивные технологии</kwd><kwd>Селективное лазерное плавление</kwd><kwd>Электронно-лучевая плавка</kwd><kwd>Искровое плазменное спекание</kwd><kwd>Микроструктура</kwd><kwd>Переплавка</kwd><kwd>Плазменное напыление</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V produced by rapid-layer manufacturing, for biomedical applications / L.E. Murr, S.A. Quinones, S.M. Gaytan, M.I. Lopez, A. Rodela, E.Y. Martinez, D.H. 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