<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">392258</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.1-262-274</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Optimization of wear rate in tungsten-copper metal matrix composites: a robust design approach</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оптимизация интенсивности износа металломатричных композитов вольфрам-медь: метод робастного проектирования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3052-3279</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ingle</surname><given-names>Chandrashekhar Ramkrushna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ингле</surname><given-names>Чандрашекхар Рамкрушна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Преподаватель</p></bio><email>inglecr@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-4779</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikalje</surname><given-names>Aniruddha</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никалье</surname><given-names>Анируддха</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>amnikalje@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8468-8057</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56986482000</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">GXH-6114-2022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ambhore</surname><given-names>Nitin</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амбхор</surname><given-names>Нитин</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук</p></bio><email>nitin.ambhore@vit.edu</email><uri>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nitin-Ambhore-2</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Government Engineering College</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный инженерный колледж</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, SPPU</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Технологический институт Вишвакармы, Университет Савитрибай Пхуле в Пуне (SPPU)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO1 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №1 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>262</fpage><lpage>274</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-07"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Ingle C.R., Nikalje A., Ambhore N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Ингле Ч.Р., Никалье А., Амбхор Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ingle C.R., Nikalje A., Ambhore N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ингле Ч.Р., Никалье А., Амбхор Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/392258">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/392258</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Wear is a critical factor in assessing the performance and durability of tungsten-copper (W-Cu) composites. These composites are widely used in electrical contacts, electrodes, and high-temperature applications. Tungsten provides high hardness and wear resistance, while copper ensures excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. <bold>The purpose of the work.</bold> This study aims to quantify the wear rate based on pin mass loss and to develop a statistically robust procedure for minimizing the dry-sliding wear rate of W-Cu metal matrix composites. The investigation focuses on determining the optimal process parameters for achieving minimal wear. <bold>The methods of investigation.</bold> In this study, a Taguchi L? orthogonal array was employed to design the experiments, with the following key parameters: reinforcement percentage (20–40%), temperature (160–200 °C), and load (80–100 N). Wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The results were analyzed using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio approach (smaller-the-better characteristic) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The experiments followed the 'One Variable At A Time' (OVAT) principle, varying only one parameter while keeping the others constant. Furthermore, ANOVA was used to assess the individual influence of each control factor — reinforcement percentage, temperature, and load — on the wear performance of the W-Cu composites. <bold>Results and Discussion.</bold> The experimental results were analyzed using signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (smaller-the-better characteristic) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum parameter combination — 30% reinforcement, 200°C, and 80N — resulted in the lowest wear rate of 3.498×10−7 mm³/(N·m). ANOVA identified temperature as the most influential factor, contributing 90.6% to the performance variation, followed by reinforcement percentage (7.5%) and load (1.8%). Validation experiments confirmed the prediction accuracy, with an error of 4.6%. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Taguchi method in identifying a robust set of process parameters for enhancing the wear performance of W-Cu composites, offering practical guidance for industrial applications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Износ является критическим фактором при оценке эксплуатационных характеристик и долговечности композитов вольфрам-медь (W-Cu). Эти композиты широко используются в электрических контактах, электродах и высокотемпературных областях применения. Вольфрам обеспечивает высокую твердость и износостойкость, в то время как медь гарантирует превосходную электропроводность и теплопроводность. <bold>Цель работы.</bold> Настоящее исследование направлено на количественную оценку интенсивности износа на основе потери массы стержня и разработку статистически робастной процедуры минимизации скорости износа в условиях сухого трения металломатричных W-Cu-композитов. Исследование сосредоточено на определении оптимальных технологических параметров, обеспечивающих достижение минимального износа. <bold>Методы исследования.</bold> В данной работе для планирования эксперимента применялся ортогональный массив Тагучи L? со следующими ключевыми параметрами: процент армирования (20…40 %), температура (160…200 °C) и нагрузка (80…100 Н). Испытания на износ проводились на трибометре типа «стержень – диск». Результаты анализировались с использованием подхода отношения сигнал/шум (S/N) (характеристика «чем меньше, тем лучше») и дисперсионного анализа (ANOVA). Эксперименты проводились по принципу «одна переменная за раз» (OVAT), варьировался только один параметр при постоянстве остальных. Кроме того, дисперсионный анализ применялся для оценки индивидуального влияния каждого контрольного фактора – процента армирования, температуры и нагрузки – на износостойкость W-Cu-композитов. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Экспериментальные результаты были проанализированы с использованием отношений сигнал/шум (S/N) (характеристика «чем меньше, тем лучше») и дисперсионного анализа (ANOVA). Оптимальная комбинация параметров – 30 % армирующего компонента, 200 °C и 80 Н – привела к наименьшей интенсивности износа, равной 3,498·10?? мм³/(Н·м). Дисперсионный анализ выявил, что температура является наиболее влиятельным фактором, вносящим вклад в размере 90,6 % в изменение рабочих характеристик, за которым следуют процент армирования (вклад в размере 7,5 %) и нагрузка (1,8%). Валидационные эксперименты подтвердили точность прогноза с погрешностью 4,6 %. Данное исследование демонстрирует эффективность метода Тагучи для идентификации робастного набора технологических параметров, способствующего повышению износостойкости W-Cu-композитов и предоставляющего практическое руководство для промышленного внедрения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Tungsten-copper composite</kwd><kwd>Wear</kwd><kwd>ANOVA</kwd><kwd>Optimization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Композит вольфрам-медь</kwd><kwd>Износ</kwd><kwd>Дисперсионный анализ (ANOVA)</kwd><kwd>Оптимизация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alagarsamy S., Ravichandran M. Parametric studies on dry sliding wear behaviour of Al-7075 alloy matrix composite using S/N ratio and ANOVA analysis // Materials Research Express. – 2020. – Vol. 7 (2). – P. 026502. – DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab6c9b.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of AA 6351–ZrB2 in-situ composition on dry sliding wear performance at elevated temperatures / N.K. Gurajala, M. Abdullah, J.E. Manikanta, N. Ambhore // Oxford Open Materials Science. – 2025. – Vol. 5 (1). – P. 1–7. – DOI: 10.1093/omscience/itaf010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Wear behaviour and coating performance of WC–Cu composite electrodes on ZE41A magnesium alloy using electrospark deposition / U. Elaiyarasan, P. Baranitharan, V. Satheeshkumar, C. Senthilkumar, B. Vinod // Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. – 2024. – Vol. 64 (4). – P. 2114–2127. – DOI: 10.1080/00084433.2024.2437218.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ambhore N., Kamble D. Experimental investigation of tool wear and induced vibration in turning high hardness AISI 52100 steel using cutting parameters and tool acceleration // Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering. – 2020. – Vol. 18 (4). – P. 623–637. – DOI: 10.22190/FUME200116018A.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Current-carrying tribological behavior and wear mechanism of CuW composites with different W content / X. Wang, K. Song, J. Duan, J. Feng, T. Huang, J. Xing // Tribology International. – 2024. – Vol. 194. – P. 108123. – DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.108123.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Optimization of tribological process parameters of titanium carbide reinforced copper matrix composites / M. Ravichandran, S.V. Alagarsamy, V. Dhinakaran, M. Abdul Samad, J.K. Katiyar // Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology. – 2022. – Vol. 236 (9). – P. 1737–1751. – DOI: 10.1177/13506501221085055.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>High-temperature tribo-oxidative wear of a Cu-based metal-matrix composite dry sliding against heat-treated steel / P. Jayashree, M. Bortolotti, S. Turani, G. Straffelini // Tribology Letters. – 2019. – Vol. 67 (4). – P. 110. – DOI: 10.1007/s11249-019-1227-y.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Sachit T.S., Mohan N. Wear rate optimization of tungsten carbide (WC) nano particles reinforced aluminum LM4 alloy composites using Taguchi techniques // Materials Research Express. – 2019. – Vol. 6 (6). – P. 066564. – DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ ab0e3f.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>The process of surface carburization and high temperature wear behavior of infiltrated W–Cu composites / W. Chen, P. Feng, L. Dong, M. Ahangarkani, S. Ren, Y. Fu // Surface and Coatings Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 353. – P. 300–308. – DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.08.088.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Wear characterization of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) reinforced AA7178 matrix composites produced by stir casting route / S.D. Kumar, M. Ravichandran, V. Mohanavel, S. Kannan, A.H. Seikh, A. Ghosh // The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. – 2023. – P. 1–18. – DOI: 10.1007/s00170-023-12124-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Investigation on tribological behaviour of copper-free composite friction material under dry sliding at high temperature / A. Saurabh, A. Manoj, S.K. Tiwari, P. Saravanan, P.C. Verma // Materials at High Temperatures. – 2024. – Vol. 41 (3). – P. 1–13. – DOI: 10.1080/09603409.2024.2327734.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Evaluation of mechanical and wear properties of AA6063/(Si3N3)6%–12%/(CuN2O6)2%–4% composite via PM route and optimization through robust design technique / P. Sureshkumar, C. Sasikumar, S.T.K. Rajan, T. Jagadeesha, L. Natrayan, M. Ravichandran, D. Veeman, W. Borek // Materials Research Express. – 2022. – Vol. 9 (7). – P. 076502. – DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ac7d41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Pattanaik A., Satpathy M.P., Mishra S. Dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy fly ash composite with Taguchi optimization // Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. – 2016. – Vol. 19 (2). – P. 710–716. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.11.010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Sivasankaran S. Optimization on dry sliding wear behavior of yellow brass using face-centered composite design // AIMS Materials Science. – 2019. – Vol. 6 (1). – P. 80–96. – DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2019.1.80.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Multi-objective optimization of wear parameters of hybrid composites (LM6/B4C/fly ash) using grey relational analysis / C.S. Rubi, J.U. Prakash, S.J. Juliyana, S. Salunkhe, R. Cep, E.A. Nasr // PLOS One. – 2025. – Vol. 20 (6). – P. e0326086. – DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0326086.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Singh S.C.E., Selvakumar N., Flower T.M.L. Optimization on dry sliding wear, electrical resistivity and mechanical properties of Cu–4Cr–xZrC composites // Journal of Applied Research and Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 16 (4). – P. 239–311. – DOI: 10.22201/icat.16656423.2018.16.4.723.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Optimization of the tribological properties of hybrid reinforced aluminium matrix composites using Taguchi and Grey’;s relational analysis / P. Ikubanni, M. Oki, A.A. Adeleke, O. Agboola // Scientific African. – 2021. – Vol. 12. – P. e00839. – DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00839.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Aleutdinova M., Fadin V. On dry wear of metallic materials in different configurations of sliding electrical contacts against a quenched AISI 1045 steel // Russian Physics Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 65 (10). – P. 1768–1774. – DOI: 10.1007/s11182-023-02829-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of steel counterface on the dry sliding behaviour of a Cu-based metal matrix composite / P. Jayashree, M. Federici, L. Bresciani, S. Turani, R. Sicigliano, G. Straffelini // Tribology Letters. – 2018. – Vol. 66 (4). – P. 123. – DOI: 10.1007/s11249-018-1075-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Taguchi approach and decision tree algorithm for prediction of wear rate in zinc oxide-filled AA7075 matrix composites / S.V. Alagarsamy, R. Balasundaram, R.M.V. Mohanavel, A. Karthick, S.S. Devi // Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties. – 2021. – Vol. 9 (3). – P. 035005. – DOI: 10.1088/2051-672X/ac0f34.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
