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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">424414</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.2-32-48</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of temperature conditions of wave deformation hardening for materials synthesized by the WAAM method</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Определение температурных режимов волнового деформационного упрочнения для материалов, синтезированных WAAM-методом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-0501</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6506677389</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">D-3733-2013</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киричек</surname><given-names>Андрей Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirichek</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><email>avkbgtu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-319X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6603827038</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-8393-2015</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovyev</surname><given-names>Dmitry L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук, профессор;</p></bio><email>murstin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-1300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36816597400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-8330-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3473-4047</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яшин</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yashin</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>yashin2102@yandex.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-385X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">59747487400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2686-4678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Silantyev</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Силантьев</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>ppdsio@yandex.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7552-312X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">P-6142-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1355-7688</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Максим Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>Maxim A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Associate</p></bio><email>NovikovMax14@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Брянский государственный технический университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bryansk State Technical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Владимирский государственный университет имени Александра Григорьевича и Николая Григорьевича Столетовых</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №2 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO2 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-02"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Киричек А.В., Соловьев Д.Л., Яшин А.В., Силантьев С.А., Новиков М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kirichek A.V., Solovyev D.L., Yashin A.V., Silantyev S.A., Novikov M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киричек А.В., Соловьев Д.Л., Яшин А.В., Силантьев С.А., Новиков М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kirichek A.V., Solovyev D.L., Yashin A.V., Silantyev S.A., Novikov M.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/424414">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/424414</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> To reduce the number of defects and improve the mechanical properties of components fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), the application of deformation hardening operations during the synthesis process is promising. Wave deformation hardening enables the formation of a deep hardened layer, which is particularly important for hybrid WAAM processes where subsequent heating of the upper layers can lead to softening of previously deposited layers. A key parameter determining the effectiveness of wave deformation hardening is the temperature at which the synthesized material is subjected to the deformation hardening. <bold>The</bold> <bold>purpose</bold> <bold>of this study</bold> is to analyze the influence of the product temperature on the efficiency of wave deformation hardening for several advanced structural materials produced by the WAAM method. <bold>Methodology.</bold> The experiment involved the synthesis of samples, followed by furnace heating to a predetermined temperature (0.04C–19Cr–9Ni, 0.3C–1Cr–1Mn–1Si, 0.18C–1Cr–1Mn–1Si, and 0.09C–1.7Cr–1Mn–0.6Mo–1Ni–0.8Ti–0.015N: 300–900 °C; for the 97Al–3Mg alloy: 100–500°C), after which they were subjected to hardening. To evaluate the effectiveness of the method, microhardness (Vickers) profiles were measured as a function of depth through the hardened layer. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> The study revealed a characteristic optimal temperature range for each material within which wave deformation hardening provides the maximum strengthening effect. For austenitic steel 0.04C–19Cr–9Ni, the greatest increase in hardness (up to 52%) was achieved when treated at 700 °C, attributed to the increased ductility of austenite and possible deformation-induced martensitic transformation; above 800 °C, recrystallization begins, reducing the effect. For medium-alloyed steels 0.3C–1Cr–1Mn–1Si, 0.18C–1Cr–1Mn–1Si, and 0.09C–1.7Cr–1Mn–0.6Mo–1Ni–0.8Ti–0.015N, the optimal range was 400–600 °C, with a maximum hardness increase of 34–50%; in this region, dynamic polygonization and carbide dispersion hardening actively occur, while recrystallization dominates at higher temperatures. For aluminum alloy 97Al–3Mg, the effective range was 100–300 °C, with an increase in hardness of up to 24%, corresponding to the recovery condition; at 400–500 °C, the hardness drops below the initial value due to complete recrystallization. The depth of the hardened layer exceeded 3 mm for steels and reached 8 mm for the aluminum alloy, significantly greater than achieved by conventional surface plastic deformation methods. An anomalous behavior was identified for steel 0.09C–1.7Cr–1Mn–0.6Mo–1Ni–0.8Ti–0.015N: after a decrease in hardness at 700–800 °C, an increase in hardness was observed at 900 °C, explained by secondary hardening due to the dissolution of coarse carbides and the precipitation of fine particles during cooling. The obtained data are in good agreement with known tempering and recrystallization temperatures for the materials studied. The results enabled the formulation of practical recommendations for selecting wave deformation hardening temperature conditions for integration into hybrid WAAM processes, depending on the material class, ensuring maximum improvement in both hardness and hardened layer depth for additively manufactured components.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> В целях снижения количества дефектов и повышения механических свойств изделий, получаемых проволочной дуговой аддитивной технологией (WAAM), перспективно применение в процессе синтеза операций деформационного упрочнения. Волновое деформационное упрочнение позволяет формировать глубокий упрочненный слой, что особенно важно для гибридных WAAM-процессов, где последующий нагрев верхних слоев может сопровождаться разупрочнением предыдущих. Важным параметром, определяющим эффективность волнового деформационного упрочнения, является температура, при которой выполняется деформационное воздействие на синтезированный материал. <bold>Цель работы</bold><bold>:</bold> анализ влияния температуры изделия на эффективность волнового деформационного упрочнения для ряда перспективных конструкционных материалов, получаемых WAAM-методом. <bold>Методика исследования.</bold> Эксперимент включал в себя синтез образцов с последующим нагревом в печи до заданной температуры (для сталей 04Х19Н9, 30ХГСА, 18ХГС и 09ХГМНТАА – 300…900 °C, для сплава АМг3 – 100…500 °C), после чего они подвергались упрочнению. Для оценки эффективности метода строились эпюры микротвердости (по Виккерсу) по глубине упрочненного слоя. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Исследование выявило для каждого материала характерный оптимальный температурный интервал, в котором применение волнового деформационного упрочнения (ВДУ) обеспечивает максимальный упрочняющий эффект. Для аустенитной стали 04Х19Н9 наибольший прирост твердости (до 52 %) достигнут при обработке при 700 °C, для среднелегированных сталей 30ХГСА, 18ХГС и 09ХГМНТАА – при 400…600 °C с максимальным увеличением твердости на 34…50 %, для алюминиевого сплава АМг3 эффективный интервал составил 100…300 °C с приростом до 24 %. Полученные данные позволили сформулировать практические рекомендации по выбору температурных режимов ВДУ для интеграции в гибридный WAAM-процесс в зависимости от класса материала, что обеспечит максимальное повышение твердости и глубины упрочненного слоя синтезированных деталей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Additive technologies</kwd><kwd>WAAM</kwd><kwd>Deformation hardening</kwd><kwd>Deformation wave</kwd><kwd>High temperature</kwd><kwd>Hardness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Аддитивные технологии</kwd><kwd>WAAM</kwd><kwd>Деформационное упрочнение</kwd><kwd>Волна деформации</kwd><kwd>Высокая температура</kwd><kwd>Твердость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Funding The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of basic research component of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under project No. FZWR-2024-0003 (No. 075-00150-24-03) “Development of a technological strategy and theoretical and experimental study of the key elements of the technology of additive synthesis of metal wire parts using the 3DMP method and wave thermo-deformation strengthening of synthesized machine parts.”</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансирование Исследование выполнено при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, работа «Проведение фундаментальных научных исследований» в рамках базовой части государственного задания Минобрнауки РФ по проекту №FZWR-2024-0003 (№ 075-00150-24-03) «Разработка технологической стратегии и теоретико-экспериментальное исследование ключевых элементов технологии аддитивного синтеза из металлической проволоки деталей 3DMP-методом и волнового термодеформационного упрочнения синтезируемых деталей машин».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Финансирование</italic></p> <p>Исследование выполнено при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, работа «Проведение фундаментальных научных исследований» в рамках базовой части государственного задания Минобрнауки РФ по проекту №FZWR-2024-0003 (№ 075-00150-24-03) «Разработка технологической стратегии и теоретико-экспериментальное исследование ключевых элементов технологии аддитивного синтеза из металлической проволоки деталей 3DMP-методом и волнового термодеформационного упрочнения синтезируемых деталей машин».</p></fn><fn xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Funding</italic></p> <p>The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of basic research component of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under project No. FZWR-2024-0003 (No. 075-00150-24-03) “Development of a technological strategy and theoretical and experimental study of the key elements of the technology of additive synthesis of metal wire parts using the 3DMP method and wave thermo-deformation strengthening of synthesized machine parts.”</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Advances in metal additive manufacturing: A review of common processes, industrial applications, and current challenges / A. 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