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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">424417</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.2-49-71</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the penetrating ability of oxide fluxes in welding carbon and low-alloy steels using novel A-TIG methods</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка проплавляющей способности оксидных флюсов при сварке новыми методами A-TIG углеродистых и низколегированных сталей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3287-3298</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57189716281</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">H-8191-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5237-9442</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karlina</surname><given-names>Antonina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карлина</surname><given-names>Антонина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>karlinat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1953-1584</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56432551500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-1577-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7798-9358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladkikh</surname><given-names>Vitaliy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладких</surname><given-names>Виталий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>gladkich_87@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8373-1412</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курдюмов</surname><given-names>Георгий Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurdiumov</surname><given-names>Georgii E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vice rector - institute director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заместитель ректора - директор института</p></bio><email>gekurdiumov@chsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5900-065X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56281057500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ADE-9780-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2106-3870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kononenko</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кононенко</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>istu_politeh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7437-2291</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56509486000</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratiev</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьев</surname><given-names>Виктор Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>imz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Череповецкий государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Cherepovets State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk National Research Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт геохимии им. А.П. Виноградова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №2 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO2 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-02"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Karlina A.I., Gladkikh V.A., Kurdiumov G.E., Kononenko R.V., Kondratiev V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Карлина А.И., Гладких В.А., Курдюмов Г.Е., Кононенко Р.В., Кондратьев В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karlina A.I., Gladkikh V.A., Kurdiumov G.E., Kononenko R.V., Kondratiev V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карлина А.И., Гладких В.А., Курдюмов Г.Е., Кононенко Р.В., Кондратьев В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/424417">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/424417</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The purpose of this study is to evaluate the technological potential of using oxide activating fluxes in the novel FB-TIG and FZ-TIG methods to improve penetration efficiency and weld quality in carbon and low-alloy steels. This paper attempts to analyze and review the published literature concerning various hypotheses that explain the high penetration achieved using activating fluxes. <bold>Materials and Methods. </bold>Low-alloy steel samples with thicknesses ranging from 3 to 10 mm were used in this study. Fine flux powders were pre-dispersed in acetone. The flux was carefully applied with a brush to the upper surface of the plate over half of its length. The other half of the plate was left without flux to perform conventional TIG welding for comparison. Bead-on-plate welds were made without the addition of any filler material. Several parallel weld passes were deposited with sufficient spacing to avoid thermal interference. The arc current was varied in the range of 80–250 A, while the welding speed was kept constant at 100 mm/min. The welding voltage was set to 15–16 V. Heat input was calculated using the standard expression, assuming a heat transfer efficiency of 0.8. High-purity, industrial?grade argon was used as the shielding gas at a flow rate of 20 L/min. A standard optical microscope was used for metallographic examination, and a camera was used to record the welding process. <bold>Results and Discussion.</bold> The studies have shown that penetration depth primarily depends on such welding parameters as arc length (mm), welding current (A), and travel speed (mm/s). The depth-to-width (D/W) ratio is high for the FB-TIG method; moreover, surface appearance and slag detachability are improved. The influence of the acidic or alkaline nature of the flux on weld geometry and surface appearance is analyzed. Acid fluxes provide a smoother weld surface than alkaline oxide fluxes. Welding with activated FB-TIG and FZ-TIG using SiO<sub>2</sub> flux increases the penetration depth and the depth-to-width ratio by factors of 1.5–1.7, respectively, compared to conventional A-TIG welding.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Цель настоящей работы – оценка технологического потенциала применения оксидных активирующих флюсов по новым методам FB-TIG и FZ-TIG для повышения эффективности проплавления и качества сварочного процесса углеродистых и низколегированных сталей. В работе предпринята попытка рассмотреть и проанализировать опубликованную литературу, которая касается выдвижения различных гипотез, объясняющих причины высокого проплавления, достигаемого с помощью методов применения активирующих флюсов. <bold>Материалы и методы исследований.</bold> В работе использовались образцы низколегированной стали толщиной от 3 до 10 мм. Мелкодисперсные порошки флюса были предварительно диспергированы в ацетоне. Флюс аккуратно наносился на верхнюю часть пластины кистью до половины длины пластины. Другая половина длины пластины оставалась без флюса для проведения обычной TIG-сварки для сравнения. Сварные швы выполнялись в конфигурации «вал на пластине» без добавления какого-либо присадочного материала. Было выполнено несколько параллельных дорожек с достаточным расстоянием между ними для исключения теплового воздействия. Ток дуги варьировался в диапазоне 80…250 А, скорость сварки поддерживалась постоянной на уровне 100 мм/мин. Напряжение сварки было установлено на уровне 15…16 В. Тепловая энергия рассчитывалась с использованием общепринятого выражения, предполагающего эффективность теплопередачи 0,8. Защитным газом служил высокочистый аргон промышленного класса, расход газа был установлен на уровне 20 л/мин. Для оптических исследований использовался стандартный оптический микроскоп, для съемки процесса – фотоаппарат. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Исследования показали, что глубина проплавления в основном зависит от таких факторов сварки, как длина дуги (мм), сварочный ток (А) и скорость подачи (мм/с). Отношение параметра глубины к ширине (DWR) получается высоким для метода FB-TIG. Кроме того, улучшается внешний вид поверхности и отслаиваемость шлака. Анализируется влияние кислотного и щелочного характера флюса на геометрию сварного шва и внешний вид поверхности. Кислотные флюсы обеспечивают более гладкую поверхность сварного шва, чем щелочные оксидные флюсы. Сварка активированным FB-TIG и FZ-TIG с использованием флюса SiO<sub>2</sub> увеличивает глубину проплавления и отношение глубины к ширине шва в 1,5 и 1,7 раза соответственно по сравнению с A-TIG-сваркой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Сварка</kwd><kwd>Активирующие флюсы</kwd><kwd>Глубина проплавления</kwd><kwd>Толщина покрытия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Welding</kwd><kwd>Activating fluxes</kwd><kwd>Penetration depth</kwd><kwd>Coating thickness</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y.M., Jiang M., Lu W. Double electrodes improve GMAW heat input control // Welding Journal. – 2004. – Vol. 83 (11). – P. 39–41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>A review of double-electrode GMAW: Approaches, developments and variants / R. Xiang, J. Huang, X. Yu, H. Zhao, D. 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