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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">424420</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.2-72-98</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cutting forces, chip morphology and wear characteristics in milling of Inconel 625 alloy produced by EBAM</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Силы резания, морфология стружки и особенности износа режущих кромок при фрезеровании аддитивного Inconel 625 EBAM</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-1679</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55647175700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-1472-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4110-5685</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабаев</surname><given-names>Артём Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Babaev</surname><given-names>Artem S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>temkams@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9351-5713</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57117126400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAH-4717-2019</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8273-1440</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Viktor N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Виктор Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>kozlov-viktor@bk.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8254-5853</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7101640980</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">A-5335-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3138-0441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>Nickolai L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>Николай Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Technical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук</p></bio><email>savnick@ispms.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-4877</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58429868000</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">HSE-8277-2023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8935-8238</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>Артём Романович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Artem R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher</p></bio><email>artems2102@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2660-2312</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">W-4917-2019</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1954-2265</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsygankov</surname><given-names>Roman S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыганков</surname><given-names>Роман Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher</p></bio><email>tsygankovrs@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Tomsk State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №2 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO2 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-02"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Бабаев А.С., Козлов В.Н., Савченко Н.Л., Семёнов А.Р., Цыганков Р.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Babaev A.S., Kozlov V.N., Savchenko N.L., Semenov A.R., Tsygankov R.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бабаев А.С., Козлов В.Н., Савченко Н.Л., Семёнов А.Р., Цыганков Р.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Babaev A.S., Kozlov V.N., Savchenko N.L., Semenov A.R., Tsygankov R.S.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/424420">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/424420</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p> <bold>Introduction.</bold> Nickel-based alloys such as Inconel 625 are widely used in the aerospace industry due to their high heat resistance and corrosion resistance. However, their machining is complicated by the low thermal conductivity of the material, its tendency to work hardening, and accelerated tool wear. The advent of additive technologies makes it possible to obtain blanks close to the final shape, but the machinability of such materials has not been sufficiently studied, especially taking into account the anisotropy of properties caused by synthesis conditions. In this regard, the study of cutting forces, the explanation of chip morphology, and the description of the causes of tool wear during milling of additively manufactured Inconel 625 is an urgent task. <bold>Methods.</bold> The samples were obtained by electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) from Inconel 625 wire. Milling was carried out with uncoated cemented carbide end mills. The cutting forces were recorded using a three-component dynamometer Kistler mod. 9257BA. The microstructure, chip morphology, and tool wear were studied by scanning electron microscopy using energy-dispersive analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> It has been found that in conventional milling, the cutting forces increase linearly with increasing feed rate. The cutting speed of 23.8 m/min reduces cutting forces compared to 11.9 m/min, but leads to an increase in chip length and deterioration of its removal. Machinability anisotropy is revealed: the cutting forces along the synthesis direction exceed the corresponding values when milling transversely across, which correlates with a higher yield strength in the longitudinal direction. The chip length increases with increasing feed rate and cutting speed, reaching 1.55 mm under maximum conditions, while the chips lose their coiled shape and become cracked. The dominant wear mechanism is adhesion-fatigue wear, confirmed by the presence of WC particles on the rake surface of the chips and the formation of Cr23C6 and NiW phases on the cutting edges. Oxidative wear does not play a significant role. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a decrease in the initial crystallographic texture in the chips and on the machined surface, as well as a broadening of the peaks, indicating severe plastic deformation. <bold>Conclusions.</bold> Rational milling parameters have been determined (cutting speed from 11.9 to 23.8 m/min, feed rate of no more than 200 mm/min, depth of cut up to 1 mm, width of cut up to 7 mm), ensuring tool operability. An increase in the feed rate to 250 mm/min leads to catastrophic failure of the cutting edges. The results obtained can be used to develop technological recommendations for the subtractive machining of parts made of additively manufactured Inconel 625 (EBAM).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Сплавы на основе никеля, например Inconel 625, широко востребованы благодаря высокой жаропрочности и коррозионной стойкости. Однако их обработка резанием осложняется низкой теплопроводностью материала, склонностью к упрочнению и ускоренному износу инструмента. Аддитивные технологии позволяют получить заготовки, близкие к окончательной форме, но обрабатываемость таких материалов изучена недостаточно, особенно с учётом анизотропии свойств, вызванной условиями синтеза. В связи с этим исследование сил резания, объяснение морфологии стружки и описание причин износа инструмента при фрезеровании аддитивного Inconel 625 является актуальной задачей. <bold>Методы и оборудование.</bold> Образцы получены методом электронно-лучевого аддитивного производства (EBAM) из проволоки Inconel 625. Фрезерование проводилось твёрдосплавными концевыми фрезами без покрытия. Регистрация сил резания выполнялась с помощью трёхкомпонентного динамометра Kistler 9257BA. Микроструктура, морфология стружки и износ инструмента исследовали методами сканирующей электронной микроскопии с применением энергодисперсионного анализа и путём рентгеноструктурного анализа. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение. </bold>Установлено, что при встречном фрезеровании силы резания линейно возрастают с увеличением минутной подачи. Скорость резания 23,8 м/мин снижает силы резания в сравнении с 11,9 м/мин, но приводит к росту длины стружки и ухудшению её удаления. Выявлена анизотропия обрабатываемости: силы резания вдоль направления синтеза превышают соответствующие значения при фрезеровании поперёк, что коррелирует с более высоким пределом текучести в продольном направлении. Длина стружки увеличивается с ростом подачи и скорости резания, достигая 1,55 мм при максимальных режимах, при этом стружка теряет скрученность и покрывается трещинами. Доминирующим механизмом износа является адгезионно-усталостный, подтверждённый наличием на прирезцовой поверхности стружки части WC и образованием на режущих кромках фаз Cr23C6 и NiW. Окислительный износ не играет существенной роли. Рентгеноструктурный анализ показал снижение исходной кристаллографической текстуры в стружке и на обработанной поверхности, а также уширение пиков, свидетельствующее о сильной пластической деформации. <bold>Выводы</bold><bold>.</bold> Определены рациональные режимы фрезерования (скорость резания от 11,9 до 23,8 м/мин, подача не более 200 мм/мин, глубина резания до 1 мм, ширина резания до 7 мм), обеспечивающие работоспособность инструмента. Превышение подачи 250 мм/мин приводит к катастрофическому разрушению режущих кромок. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для разработки технологических рекомендаций по субтрактивной обработке деталей из аддитивного Inconel 625 EBAM.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Inconel 625</kwd><kwd>Milling</kwd><kwd>Additive technologies</kwd><kwd>Cutting force</kwd><kwd>Chip</kwd><kwd>Wear</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Inconel 625</kwd><kwd>Фрезерование</kwd><kwd>Аддитивные технологии</kwd><kwd>Силы резания</kwd><kwd>Стружка</kwd><kwd>Износ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 23-79-10166, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-79-10166/).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, проект № 23-79-10166 (https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-79-10166/).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Funding</italic></p> <p>The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 23-79-10166, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-79-10166/).</p></fn><fn xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Финансирование</italic></p> <p>Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, проект № 23-79-10166 (https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-79-10166/).</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>A review of surface integrity in machining and its impact on functional performance and life of machined products / R. 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