<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">424445</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.2-280-297</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Manufacturing of die components from WC–15Co and WC–5Fe–5Ni–5Co alloys using dies obtained by photopolymer 3D printing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изготовление деталей пресс-форм из сплавов WC-15Сo и WC-5Fe-5Ni-5Co с помощью форм, полученных методом фотополимерной 3D-печати</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1216-4438</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56631651600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAG-5481-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8132-8414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дворник</surname><given-names>Максим Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dvornik</surname><given-names>Maksim I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>Maxxxx80@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-9109</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">12785493000</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAL-2236-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3492-9020</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailenko</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайленко</surname><given-names>Елена Альбертовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><email>mea80@list.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0198-0912</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">16515404800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">HKE-9950-2023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6994-2455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власова</surname><given-names>Нурия Мунавировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>Nuria M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>vlasova64@yandex.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Хабаровский федеральный исследовательский центр Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Khabarovsk Federal Research Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №2 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO2 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>280</fpage><lpage>297</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-02"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Дворник М.И., Михайленко Е.А., Власова Н.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Dvornik M.I., Mikhailenko E.A., Vlasova N.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дворник М.И., Михайленко Е.А., Власова Н.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dvornik M.I., Mikhailenko E.A., Vlasova N.M.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/424445">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/424445</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Manufacturing steel or carbide dies is an expensive process, significantly impacting the cost of powder metallurgy products, especially in pilot and small-scale production. A promising direction is the use of additive manufacturing for tooling fabrication and the application of alternative, less expensive binders for cemented carbides. <bold>The purpose of this work</bold> is to investigate the feasibility of using additive manufacturing for forming die blanks from WC–15 Co and WC–5 Fe–5 Ni–5 Co cemented carbides and to conduct a comparative analysis of their phase composition, microstructure, density, hardness, fracture toughness, strength, and wear resistance. <bold>Methods.</bold> Die components (dies and punches) made of WC–15 Co and WC–5 Fe–5 Ni–5 Co alloys were fabricated by cold pressing of granulated powders in dies obtained by photopolymer 3D printing (Water?Wash Resin 2.0, layer height 20 μm), followed by vacuum sintering at 1,400 °C. A comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the density, phase composition, microstructure, hardness, strength, fracture toughness, and microabrasive wear resistance of the obtained materials. Using the experimental cemented carbide dies, SNUM?120408 cutting inserts made of WC–6 Co cemented carbide were produced by cold pressing and sintering at 1,450 °C. The insert dimensions were compared with the requirements of GOST 19052?80, GOST 19042?80 and a commercial counterpart. <bold>Results and Discussion.</bold> The fundamental feasibility of manufacturing large?sized cemented carbide die components (weighing up to 210 g) using photopolymer tooling has been experimentally confirmed. The relative density of the components was 99.1% for WC–15 Co and 98.3% for WC–5 Fe–5 Ni–5 Co, which is slightly lower than that of reference samples pressed at higher pressure in a steel die. It is shown that replacing the cobalt binder with a medium?entropy Fe–Ni–Co binder suppresses WC grain growth (average grain size: 1.18 μm vs. 1.40 μm). This, together with the higher hardness of the binder, results in increased alloy hardness (1,070 HV vs. 1,010 HV) and a 10% reduction in the microabrasive wear rate. The manufactured dies produced cutting inserts whose geometric parameters (cutting edge length, thickness, corner radius) and physical and mechanical properties comply with the requirements of GOST 19052?80 and GOST 3882?74 and are comparable to commercial counterparts. <bold>Conclusion.</bold> The proposed approach, combining low?cost photopolymer 3D printing for tooling fabrication with the use of a medium?entropy Fe–Ni–Co?bonded cemented carbide, enables the efficient production of functional cemented carbide dies for small-scale production. The WC–5 Fe–5 Ni–5 Co cemented carbide, exhibiting higher hardness and wear resistance, is a promising alternative to the standard WC–15 Co cemented carbide for these operating conditions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Изготовление пресс-форм из стали или твердого сплава – дорогостоящий этап, существенно влияющий на себестоимость продукции порошковой металлургии, особенно в опытном и мелкосерийном производстве. Перспективным направлением является использование аддитивных технологий для создания оснастки и применение альтернативных, менее дорогих связок для твердых сплавов. <bold>Цель работы:</bold> исследование возможности использования аддитивных технологий для формования заготовок пресс-форм из сплавов WC-15Co и WC-5Fe-5Ni-5Co и проведение сравнительного анализа фазового состава, микроструктуры, плотности, твердости, вязкости разрушения, прочности и износостойкости данных материалов. <bold>Методы.</bold> Детали пресс-форм (матрицы и пуансоны) из сплавов WC-15Co и WC-5Fe-5Ni-5Co изготавливали методом холодного прессования гранулированных порошков в пресс-формах, полученных фотополимерной 3D-печатью (Water-Wash Resin 2.0, высота слоя 20 мкм) с последующим вакуумным спеканием при 1400 °C. Проведен сравнительный анализ плотности, фазового состава, микроструктуры, твердости, прочности, вязкости разрушения и микроабразивной износостойкости полученных материалов. С помощью опытных твердосплавных пресс-форм методом холодного прессования и спекания при 1450 °C изготовлены режущие пластины SNUM-120408 из сплава ВК6, размеры которых сопоставлены с требованиями ГОСТ 19052–80 и 19042–80, а также с коммерческим аналогом. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Экспериментально подтверждена принципиальная возможность изготовления крупногабаритных (массой до 210 г) деталей твердосплавных пресс-форм с использованием фотополимерной оснастки. Относительная плотность деталей составила 99,1 % для WC-15Co и 98,3 % для WC-5Fe-5Ni-5Co, что незначительно ниже, чем у эталонных образцов, спрессованных при большем давлении в стальной пресс-форме. Показано, что замена кобальтовой связки на среднеэнтропийную Fe-Ni-Co приводит к подавлению роста зерен WC (средний размер 1,18 мкм против 1,40 мкм), что наряду с большей твердостью связки обеспечивает повышение твердости сплава (1070 HV против 1010 HV) и снижение скорости микроабразивного износа на 10 %. Изготовленные пресс-формы позволили получить режущие пластины, геометрические параметры (длина режущей кромки, толщина, радиус скругления) и физико-механические свойства которых соответствуют требованиям ГОСТ 19052–80 и 3882–74, а также находятся на уровне коммерческих аналогов. <bold>Заключение.</bold> Предложенный подход, сочетающий недорогую фотополимерную 3D-печать для создания оснастки и использование твердого сплава со среднеэнтропийной связкой Fe-Ni-Co, позволяет эффективно изготавливать работоспособные твердосплавные пресс-формы для мелкосерийного производства. Сплав WC-5Fe-5Ni-5Co, обладающий повышенной твердостью и износостойкостью, является перспективной заменой стандартному сплаву WC-15Co для данных условий эксплуатации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Cemented carbide</kwd><kwd>Die</kwd><kwd>Cutting insert</kwd><kwd>Medium-entropy binder phase</kwd><kwd>Wear resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Твердый сплав</kwd><kwd>Пресс-форма</kwd><kwd>Режущая пластина</kwd><kwd>Среднеэнтропийная связка</kwd><kwd>Износостойкость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнялось по государственному заданию Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации № 075-00399-26-00.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out under the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation No. 075-00399-26-00.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Финансирование</italic></p> <p>Исследование выполнялось по государственному заданию Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации № 075-00399-26-00.</p></fn><fn xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Funding</italic></p> <p>The study was carried out under the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation No. 075-00399-26-00.</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Дворник М.И., Мокрицкий Б.Я., Зайцев А.В. Сравнительный анализ микроабразивной износостойкости традиционных твердых сплавов и субмикронного твердого сплава WC-8Co-1Cr3C2 // Вопросы материаловедения. – 2015. – № 1 (81). – С. 45–51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Дворник М.И., Зайцев А.В. Сравнительный анализ износостойкости субмикронного твердого сплава WC-8Co-1Cr3C2 и традиционных твердых сплавов при сухом трении // Перспективные материалы. – 2015. – № 5. – С. 34–41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Ефимович И.А., Золотухин И.С., Завьялов Е.С. Температурный коэффициент линейного расширения вольфрамокобальтовых твердых сплавов // Обработка металлов (технология, оборудование, инструменты). – 2019. – Т. 21, № 3. – С. 129–140. – DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2019-21.3-129-140.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Повышение стойкости зубьев буровых долот за счет изменения технологии их изготовления / Дж.Б. Тошов, Д.М. Фозилов, К.К. Елемесов, У.Н. Рузиев, Д.Н. Абдуллаев, Д.Д. Басканбаева, Л.Р. Бекирова // Обработка металлов (технология, оборудование, инструменты). – 2024. – Т. 26, № 4. – С. 112–124. – DOI: 10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.4-112-124.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Белоусова В.П., Попова М.Н., Белоусов А.Л. Экономико-технологические аспекты организации производства изделий из порошковых материалов на машиностроительных предприятиях // Конструкции из композиционных материалов. – 2007. – № 4. – С. 122–126.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Gent W.E., Busse G.M., House K.Z. The predicted persistence of cobalt in lithium-ion batteries // Nature Energy. – 2022. – Vol. 7 (12). – P. 1132–1143. – DOI: 10.1038/s41560-022-01129-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Armstead A.L., Li B. Nanotoxicity: emerging concerns regarding nanomaterial safety and occupational hard metal (WC-Co) nanoparticle exposure // International Journal of Nanomedicine. – 2016. – Vol. 11. – P. 6421–6433. – DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S121444.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Armstead A.L., Li B. In vitro inflammatory effects of hard metal (WC-Co) nanoparticle exposure // International Journal of Nanomedicine. – 2016. – Vol. 11. – P. 6195–6206. – DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S121176.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Comparative study of WC-based hard alloys fabrication via spark plasma sintering using Co, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Ti binders / O.O. Shichalin, I.Yu. Buravlev, E.K. Papynov, A.V. Golub, A.A. Belov, A.A. Buravleva, V.N. Sakhnevich, M.I. Dvornik, N.M. Vlasova, A.V. Gerasimenko, V.P. Reva, A.A. Yudakov // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2022. – Vol. 102. – P. 105725. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105725.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Fracture behavior of cemented carbides with CoNiFe medium entropy alloy binder / C. Qian, K. Li, H. Cheng, W. Zhang, X. Jiang, Y. Liu // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2021. – Vol. 98. – P. 105547. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105547.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Mechanical properties and microstructure of WC-Fe-Ni-Co cemented carbides prepared by vacuum sintering / Y. Gao, B.-H. Luo, K. He, H. Jing, Z. Bai, W. Chen, W.-W. Zhang // Vacuum. – 2017. – Vol. 143. – P. 271–282. – DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.06.028.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Chang S.-H., Chang M.-H., Huang K.-T. Study on the sintered characteristics and properties of nanostructured WC-15 wt%(Fe-Ni-Co) and WC-15 wt% Co hard metal alloys // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2015. – Vol. 649. – P. 89–95. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.07.119.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Comparative study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC/High-speed steel composite materials prepared with Co, Ni, and Fe binders / H. Li, H. Zhang, D. Chen, Z. Jiang // JOM. – 2024. – Vol. 76 (5). – P. 2120–2131. – DOI: 10.1007/s11837-024-06429-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Soria-Biurrun T., Sanchez-Moreno J.M., Frisk K. Experimental and theoretical study of WC-40Fe-20Co-40Ni // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2022. – Vol. 102. – P. 105719. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105719.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modelling of WC-Fe-Ni-Co-Cr cemented carbides / T. Soria-Biurrun, S. Sridar, K. Frisk, W. Xiong, J.M. Sánchez-Moreno // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2024. – Vol. 124. – P. 106824. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106824.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of Cr3C2 addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-CoNiFe cemented carbides / J. Wu, D. Ren, B. Xie, R. He, Z. Geng, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, D. Wang, Y. Zhu, W. Zhang // Metals. – 2024. – Vol. 14 (8). – P. 895. – DOI: 10.3390/met14080895.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Densification of WC-Fe-Ni-Co-Cr cemented carbides processed by HIP after sintering: effect of WC powder particle size / T. Soria-Biurrun, L. Lozada-Cabezas, J. Navarrete-Cuadrado, F. Ibarreta-Lopez, R. Martinez-Pampliega, J.M. Sánchez-Moreno // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2023. – Vol. 110. – P. 105994. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.105994.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Овчаренко А.Г., Козлюк А.Ю., Курепин М.О. Повышение износостойкости пластин из твердого сплава // Обработка металлов (технология, оборудование, инструменты). – 2010. – № 2 (47). – С. 13–15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Structure and properties of WC-Fe-Ni-Co nanopowder composites for use in additive manufacturing technologies / M. Krinitcyn, N.V. Svarovskaya, N. Rodkevich, E. Ryumin, M. Lerner // Metals. – 2024. – Vol. 14 (2). – P. 167. – DOI: 10.3390/met14020167.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Microstructure analysis of high density WC-Co composite prepared by one step selective laser melting / J. Chen, M. Huang, Z.Z. Fang, M. Koopman, W. Liu, X. Deng, Z. Zhao, S. Chen, S. Wu, J. Liu, W. Qi, Z. Wang // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2019. – Vol. 84. – P. 104980. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.104980.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Li C.-W., Chang K.-C., Yeh A.-C. On the microstructure and properties of an advanced cemented carbide system processed by selective laser melting // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2019. – Vol. 782. – P. 440–450. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.187.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Gu D., Meiners W. Microstructure characteristics and formation mechanisms of in situ WC cemented carbide based hardmetals prepared by Selective Laser Melting // Materials Science and Engineering: A. – 2010. – Vol. 527 (29–30). – P. 7585–7592. – DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.075.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Khmyrov R.S., Safronov V.A., Gusarov A.V. Synthesis of nanostructured WC-Co hardmetal by selective laser melting // Procedia IUTAM. – 2017. – Vol. 23. – P. 114–119. – DOI: 10.1016/j.piutam.2017.06.011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Laser powder bed fusion of cemented carbides by developing a new type of Co coated WC composite powder / L. Zhang, C. Hu, Y. Yang, R.D.K. Misra, K. Kondoh, Y. Lu // Additive Manufacturing. – 2022. – Vol. 55. – P. 102820. – DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.102820.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of binder saturation and drying time on microstructure and resulting properties of sinter-HIP binder-jet 3D-printed WC-Co composites / A. Mostafaei, P.R. De Vecchis, K.A. Kimes, D. Elhassid, M. Chmielus // Additive Manufacturing. – 2021. – Vol. 46. – P. 102128. – DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102128.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Mechanical and microstructural characterization of WC-Co consolidated by binder jetting additive manufacturing / M. Mariani, I. Goncharov, D. Mariani, G.P. De Gaudenzi, A. Popovich, N. Lecis, M. Vedani // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2021. – Vol. 100. – P. 105639. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105639.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Material extrusion-based three-dimensional printing of WC–Co alloy with a paste prepared by powder coating / H. Kim, J.I. Kim, Y.D. Kim, H. Jeong, S.S. Ryu // Additive Manufacturing. – 2022. – Vol. 52. – P. 102679. – DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.102679.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of printing parameters on sintered WC-Co components by binder jetting / M. Mariani, D. Mariani, G.P. De Gaudenzi, N. Lecis // European Journal of Materials. – 2022. – Vol. 2 (1). – P. 365–380. – DOI: 10.1080/26889277.2022.2076617.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Fused filament fabrication of WC-10Co hardmetals: a study on binder formulations and printing variables / J.D. Rubiano Buitrago, A.F. Gil Plazas, L.A. Boyacá Mendivelso, L.K. Herrera Quintero // Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. – 2024. – Vol. 8 (3). – P. 118. – DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8030118.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Dependence of density, hardness, strength, and dimensions of WC–15 Co hard alloy samples on the plasticizer content in workpieces obtained using a plastic mold made by 3D printing / M.I. Dvornik, E.A. Mikhailenko, A.A. Burkov, D.A. Kolzun // Inorganic Materials: Applied Research. – 2024. – Vol. 15 (5). – P. 1457–1465. – DOI: 10.1134/S2075113324701132.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Возможность использования неразъемной испаряемой пластиковой формы, полученной методом 3D-печати, для формования твердосплавной фрезы / М.И. Дворник, Е.А. Михайленко, А.А. Бурков, Е.В. Черняков // Цветные металлы. – 2025. – № 8. – С. 36–42. – DOI: 10.17580/tsm.2025.08.04.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Исследование характеристик режущих пластин из твердого сплава WC-5TiC-10Co, полученных с применением пластиковой формы, изготовленной методом 3D-печати / М.И. Дворник, Е.А. Михайленко, А.А. Бурков, Е.В. Черняков // Известия высших учебных заведений. Порошковая металлургия и функциональные покрытия. – 2024. – Т. 18, № 5. – С. 55–65. – DOI: 10.17073/1997-308X-2024-5-55-65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>3D printed plastic molds utilization for WC-15Co cemented carbide cold pressing / M.I. Dvornik, E.A. Mikhailenko, A.A. Burkov, D.A. Kolzun // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2023. – Vol. 115. – P. 106312. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106312.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Cast WC-Co alloy-based tool manufacturing using a polymeric mold prepared via digital light processing 3D printing / H. Kim, J.I. Kim, Y.D. Kim, H. Jeong, S.S. Ryu // Materials Letters. – 2022. – Vol. 306. – P. 130979. – DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130979.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Dependence of wear rate of sintered WC and cemented carbides on hardness and cobalt content during free ball micro-abrasive wear test / M.I. Dvornik, O.O. Shichalin, E.A. Mikhailenko, N.M. Vlasova, E.V. Chernyakov // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2025. – Vol. 134. – P. 107495. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107495.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of Fe/Ni ratio on the microstructure and properties of WC-Fe-Ni-Co cemented carbides / Y. Gao, B.H. Luo, K.J. He, W.W. Zhang, Z.H. Bai // Ceramics International. – 2018. – Vol. 44 (2). – P. 2030–2041. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.149.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>First-principles calculation on the relationships of h-WC/γ-Fe interface / Z. Shi, S. Liu, Y. Gao, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, Y. Liu // Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. – 2018. – Vol. 123. – P. 11–18. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2018.07.006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of solute elements (Cr, Mo, Fe, Co) on the adhesion properties of WC/Ni-based binder interface: A first-principles study / K. Lu, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, Z. Wang, C. Liu, Y. Zhou // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2021. – Vol. 98. – P. 105563. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105563.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Gnidenko A.A. First principle simulation of the Co layers behavior on a surface of hexagonal tungsten carbide // Physics Procedia. – 2012. – Vol. 23. – P. 132–135. – DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2012.01.033.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Li H., Zhang H., Jiang Z. Investigation of the effect of partial Co substitution by Ni and Fe on the interface bond strength of WC cemented carbide based on first-principles calculations // Materials Today Communications. – 2024. – Vol. 40. – P. 109470. – DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109470.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Fabrication and characterization of WC-AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy composites by spark plasma sintering / W. Luo, Y. Liu, Y. Luo, M. Wu // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2018. – Vol. 754. – P. 163–170. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.260.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>A new hardness model for materials design in cemented carbides / M. Walbrühl, D. Linder, J. Agren, A. Borgenstam // International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. – 2018. – Vol. 75. – P. 94–100. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.04.004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Effect of WC grain size on mechanical properties and microstructures of cemented carbide with medium entropy alloy Co-Ni-Fe binder / C. Qian, K. Li, X.Y. Guo, B. Liu, Z.Y. Long, Y. Liu // Journal of Central South University. – 2020. – Vol. 27 (4). – P. 1146–1157. – DOI: 10.1007/s11771-020-4355-5.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
