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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">462673</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.3-205-228</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">AIYOVE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of the relationship among the structure, properties and strain state of the 0.09C-2Mn-Si steel under tension</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Определение взаимосвязи между структурой, свойствами и деформированным состоянием при растяжении стали 09Г2С</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3832-1419</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">8601281200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-9221-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5883-6066</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Худорожкова</surname><given-names>Юлия Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khudorozhkova</surname><given-names>Yulia Viktorovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории технической диагностики ИМАШ УрО РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor; 1. Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34 Komsomolskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620049, Russian Federation; khjv@mail.ru</p></bio><email>khjv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0413-1054</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57170111300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">D-4988-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3991-4070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буров</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burov</surname><given-names>Sergey Vladimirovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории конструкционного материаловедения ИМАШ УрО РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering); 1. Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34 Komsomolskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620049, Russian Federation; burchitai@mail.ru</p></bio><email>burchitai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8301-5069</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6602866757</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAP-9986-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5019-0410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поволоцкая</surname><given-names>Анна Моисеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Povolotskaya</surname><given-names>Anna Moiseevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering); 1. Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34 Komsomolskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620049, Russian Federation; 2. M.N. Mikheev lnstitute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 S. Kovalevskoy St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russian Federation; anna.povolotskaya.68@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник лаборатории комплексных методов контроля ИФМ УрО РАН; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории технической диагностики ИМАШ УрО РАН</p></bio><email>povolotskaya@imp.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-6859</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6506310997</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">D-8494-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4339-3993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вичужанин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vichuzhanin</surname><given-names>Dmitry Ivanovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник лаборатории микромеханики материалов ИМАШ УрО РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering); 1. Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 34 Komsomolskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620049, Russian Federation; mmm@imach.uran.ru</p></bio><email>mmm@imach.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт машиноведения имени Э.С. Горкунова Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики металлов имени М.Н. Михеева Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.N. Mikheev lnstitute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №3 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO3 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>228</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-14"><day>14</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Khudorozhkova Y.V., Burov S.V., Povolotskaya A.M., Vichuzhanin D.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Худорожкова Ю.В., Буров С.В., Поволоцкая А.М., Вичужанин Д.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khudorozhkova Y.V., Burov S.V., Povolotskaya A.M., Vichuzhanin D.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Худорожкова Ю.В., Буров С.В., Поволоцкая А.М., Вичужанин Д.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/462673">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/462673</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Although structural transformations during plastic deformation are well studied, they remain a priority area of scientific research in the field of materials science. Different approaches converge on the fact that metal deformation develops from the microscale to the macroscale level and that the change in stages is an abrupt loss of structural stability, which inevitably ends with localization of shear and failure in the neck. <bold>The purpose of this study</bold> was to determine the relation of the plastic deformation stages to the structure, surface topography and micromechanical properties of a common structural material, namely grade 0.09C-2Mn-Si steel, subjected to uniaxial tension. <bold>Materials and methods. </bold>In this study, dumbbell-shaped flat specimens of 0.09C-2Mn-Si structural steel were studied before and after uniaxial tension. The tension process was simulated by the finite element method, and the distribution of the stress-strain state parameters was obtained. The structure was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The surface roughness parameters were determined by optical profilometry. Kinetic microindentation was used to determine the micromechanical characteristics. <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> A direct correspondence is established among the roughness parameters, deformation stage, and strain level for the 0.09C–2Mn–Si steel. It is found that the strain values are the highest near the crack, that the structure contains no pronounced pearlite colonies, and that there are elongated ferrite grains with boundaries sometimes decorated by fragmented cementite plates. Strain?induced discontinuities and elongated pores are clearly visible. The surface relief is caused by the sliding of meso? and macrobands. The relationship between the mechanical properties of the steel and the structures obtained at various stages — from the onset of plastic deformation up to macrocrack formation — is analyzed. It is shown that the combined use of optical profilometry, structural characterization methods, and micromechanical tests during instrumented indentation enables reliable recording of structural changes in various regions of 0.09C–2Mn–Si steel specimens after static loading.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Несмотря на высокую степень изученности, структурные превращения при пластической деформации остаются приоритетным направлением научных исследований в области материаловедения. Разные подходы сходятся в том, что деформация металла развивается от микро- к макромасштабам, а смена стадий – это скачкообразная потеря устойчивости структуры, которая неизбежно завершается локализацией сдвига и разрушением в шейке образца. <bold>Цель работы.</bold> Определение соотношения стадий пластической деформации со структурой, топографией поверхности и микромеханическими характеристиками подвергаемого одноосному растяжению распространенного конструкционного материала – стали 09Г2С. <bold>Методы исследования. </bold>В работе исследованы гантелеобразные плоские образцы конструкционной стали 09Г2С до и после одноосного растяжения. Выполнено моделирование процесса растяжения образца методом конечных элементов, получено распределение параметров напряженно-деформированного состояния. Структуру изучали методами оптической и растровой электронной металлографии. Параметры шероховатости поверхности определяли методом оптической профилометрии. Для определения микромеханических характеристик проведено кинетическое микроиндентирование. <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Установлено однозначное соответствие между параметрами шероховатости, стадией и степенью деформации стали 09Г2С. Установлено, что около трещины находятся самые большие степени деформации, структура не имеет выраженных колоний перлита и присутствуют вытянутые ферритные зерна, границы между которыми кое-где декорированы фрагментированными пластинками цементита. Четко прослеживаются несплошности, вытянутые поры деформационной природы. Поверхностный рельеф обусловлен скольжением мезо- и макрополос. Проанализирована взаимосвязь механических свойств стали со структурами, полученными на различных стадиях – от начала пластического деформирования и вплоть до образования макротрещины. Показано, что применение оптической профилометрии, структурных методов исследования, а также микромеханических испытаний при инструментальном индентировании позволяет достоверно регистрировать изменения структуры на различных участках образцов стали 09Г2С после статического нагружения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Пластическая деформация</kwd><kwd>Одноосное растяжение</kwd><kwd>Очаг разрушения</kwd><kwd>Деформационный рельеф</kwd><kwd>Степень деформации</kwd><kwd>Моделирование деформации</kwd><kwd>Шероховатость поверхности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Plastic deformation</kwd><kwd>Uniaxial tension</kwd><kwd>Fracture site</kwd><kwd>Deformation relief</kwd><kwd>Degree of deformation</kwd><kwd>Deformation modeling</kwd><kwd>Surface roughness</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственных заданий Минобрнауки России для ИМАШ УрО РАН (по теме № 124020700063-3) и ИФМ УрО РАН (по теме «Диагностика» № 122021000030-1).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out within the framework of state assignments from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (topic no. 124020700063-3) and the M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (topic “Diagnostics”, no. 122021000030-1).</funding-statement><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124020700063-3</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ИФМ УрО РАН</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>122021000030-1</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Финансирование</italic></p> <p>Работа выполнена в рамках государственных заданий Минобрнауки России для ИМАШ УрО РАН (по теме № 124020700063-3) и ИФМ УрО РАН (по теме «Диагностика» № 122021000030-1).</p> <p> </p> <p><italic>Благодарности</italic></p> <p>При выполнении работы было использовано оборудование ЦКП «Пластометрия» при ИМАШ УрО РАН и ЦКП «Структура, механические и физические свойства материалов» при НГТУ. Для оценки напряженно-деформированного состояния в процессе деформации в пакете конечно-элементного анализа ANSYS построена модель образца и выполнено моделирование испытания на растяжение. Расчеты выполнены на суперкомпьютере «Уран» в ИММ УрО РАН.</p></fn><fn xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Funding:</italic></p> <p>This work was carried out within the framework of state assignments from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (topic no. 124020700063-3) and the M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (topic “Diagnostics”, no. 122021000030-1).</p> <p><italic> </italic></p> <p><italic>Acknowledgments</italic></p> <p>This work was carried out using equipment from the “Plastometry” Collective Use Center at the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the “Structure, Mechanical, and Physical Properties of Materials” Collective Use Center at Novosibirsk State Technical University. To assess the stress–strain state during deformation, a specimen model was constructed in the ANSYS finite element analysis package, and tensile testing was simulated. The calculations were performed on the “Uran” supercomputer at the N.N. Krasovskii Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koneva N.A. Priroda stadii plasticheskoi deformatsii [The nature of plastic deformation stages]. Sorosovskii obrazovatel'nyi zhurnal = Soros Education Journal, 1998, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 99–105. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конева Н.А. 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