Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material ScienceObrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material ScienceОбработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)1994-63092541-819XНовосибирский государственный технический университет46267410.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.3-229-249NFVPCDMATERIAL SCIENCEМАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕResearch ArticleEffect of severe plastic deformation and heat treatment on the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-9Al-2Mn bronzeВлияние интенсивной пластической деформации и термической обработки на структурные, механические и трибологические свойства бронзы системы Cu-9Al-2Mnhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-838224587007100A-9831-20151794-6373ФилипповАндрей ВладимировичFilippovAndrey V.
Russian Federation

канд. техн. наук

Ph.D. (Engineering)

Andrey.V.Filippov@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4649-646557191272444U-7601-20189275-1472ШамаринНиколай НиколаевичShamarinNikolay N.
Russian Federation

м.н.с.

Junior researcher

shamarin.nik@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-76397005125937B-6202-20081740-3089ТарасовСергей ЮльевичTarasovSergei Yu.
Russian Federation

доктор техн. наук

D.Sc. (Engineering)

tsy@ispms.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6547-7676572120326841879-6785СеменчукНаталья ВалерьевнаSemenchyukNatalya V.
Russian Federation

младший научный сотрудник

Junior researcher

natali.t.v@ispms.ruИнститут физики прочности и материаловедения СО РАНInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Sciences SB RASruen283ТОМ 28, №3 (2026)VOL 28, NO3 (2026)22924929062026Copyright ©; 2026, Filippov A.V., Shamarin N.N., Tarasov S.Y., Semenchyuk N.V.Copyright ©; 2026, Филиппов А.В., Шамарин Н.Н., Тарасов С.Ю., Семенчук Н.В.2026Filippov A.V., Shamarin N.N., Tarasov S.Y., Semenchyuk N.V.Филиппов А.В., Шамарин Н.Н., Тарасов С.Ю., Семенчук Н.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/462674

Introduction. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is one of the most promising methods for modifying the structure of non-ferrous alloys, enabling them to be transformed into ultrafine-grained (UFG) and nanocrystalline states. At the same time, for the practical implementation of such materials in machine-building equipment components, the issues of their thermal stability and wear resistance under extreme loads during contact interaction in scratching and sliding friction remain critically important. The purpose of the work is a comprehensive study of the effect of various thermal and severe plastic deformation conditions on the structural, mechanical and tribological characteristics of Cu-9Al-2Mn bronze. The paper studies samples of Cu-9Al-2Mn bronze in different initial states: annealed at 700°C, quenched from 900°C and aged at 400°C. To form a UFG structure and enhance strength properties, the workpieces were subjected to deformation processing by multi-axial forging at room temperature followed by rolling. In order to study recrystallization processes and the thermal stability of the UFG alloy, annealing was performed at 400°C for 30 minutes and at 500°C for 10 minutes. Materials and methods. Metallography, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were used as the primary methods for characterizing the structure and phase composition. Mechanical properties were evaluated based on Vickers microhardness measurements and static tensile tests. Resistance to localized surface damage was determined by scratch testing under a linearly increasing load from 0.5 to 30 N. Wear resistance and coefficient of friction were investigated under dry sliding friction using a pin-on-disc scheme (counterbody — steel 52100) under a load of 20 N and at a constant speed of 0.1 m/s. Monitoring of the tribosystem dynamics was carried out using vibrometry and recording acoustic emission (AE) signals. The surface topography of wear tracks and balls was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The change in structure beneath the friction surface was also investigated using metallography. Results and discussion. The effect of heat treatment, severe plastic deformation (SPD), and subsequent annealing on the structure, mechanical, and tribological properties of Cu-9Al-2Mn bronze is studied. It is shown that SPD (multi?axial forging and rolling) produces an ultrafine?grained (100–300 nm) structure with high dislocation density and deformation martensite, resulting in a yield strength of 998 MPa and a microhardness of 3.24 GPa. Low?temperature annealing at 400°C further increases the yield strength to 1,095 MPa owing to polygonization and precipitation hardening. Annealing at 500°C induces recrystallization, partially restoring ductility. Tribological tests under dry sliding friction revealed that SPD significantly enhances wear resistance while maintaining an unchanged coefficient of friction. Scratch depth in scratch testing is reduced by ~40%, and the damage mechanism changes from ductile ploughing to microcutting. Acoustic emission and vibration correlate with the change in wear mechanisms.

Введение. Интенсивная пластическая деформация (ИПД) является одним из наиболее перспективных методов модификации структуры цветных сплавов, позволяющим переводить их в ультрамелкозернистое (УМЗ) и нанокристаллическое состояния. В то же время для практического внедрения таких материалов в узлы машиностроительного оборудования критически важными остаются вопросы их термической стабильности и износостойкости при экстремальных нагрузках в условиях контактного взаимодействия при царапании и трении. Цель работы. Комплексное исследование влияния различных режимов термической и интенсивной пластической деформации на структурные, механические и трибологические характеристики бронзы Cu-9Al-2Mn. В работе исследованы образцы бронзы системы Cu-9Al-2Mn в различных исходных состояниях: отжиг при 700 °C, закалка с 900 °C и старение при 400 °С. Для формирования УМЗ-структуры и повышения прочностных свойств заготовки подвергали деформационной обработке методом многоосевой ковки при комнатной температуре с последующей прокаткой. С целью изучения процессов рекристаллизации и термической стабильности УМЗ-сплава выполняли отжиг при температурах 400 °C в течение 30 минут и 500 °C в течение 10 минут. Методы исследований. В качестве основных методов аттестации структуры и фазового состава применялись металлография, просвечивающая электронная микроскопия и рентгеноструктурный анализ. Механические свойства оценивали по результатам измерения микротвердости по Виккерсу и испытаний на статическое растяжение. Сопротивление локальному поверхностному повреждению определяли методом царапания при линейно возрастающей нагрузке от 0,5 до 30 Н. Износостойкость и коэффициент трения исследовали при сухом трении скольжения по схеме «палец – диск» (контртело – сталь ШХ15) под нагрузкой 20 Н и с постоянной скоростью 0,1 м/с. Мониторинг динамики трибосистемы осуществлялся с помощью виброметрии и регистрации сигналов акустической эмиссии (АЭ). Топографию поверхности дорожек износа и шариков изучали методом конфокальной лазерной сканирующей микроскопии. С применением металлографии также исследовали изменение структуры под поверхностью трения. Результаты и обсуждение. Исследовано влияние термической обработки, интенсивной пластической деформации (ИПД) и последующего отжига на структуру, механические и трибологические свойства бронзы Cu-9Al-2Mn. Показано, что ИПД (многоосевая ковка и прокатка) формирует ультрамелкозернистую (100…300 нм) структуру с высокой плотностью дислокаций и деформационного мартенсита, обеспечивая предел текучести 998 МПа и микротвердость 3,24 ГПа. Низкотемпературный отжиг при 400 °C дополнительно повышает предел текучести до 1095 МПа за счет полигонизации и дисперсионного твердения. Отжиг при 500 °C вызывает рекристаллизацию, частично восстанавливая пластичность. Трибологические испытания при сухом трении скольжения выявили, что ИПД многократно увеличивает износостойкость при неизменном коэффициенте трения. Глубина царапин при скретч-тестировании снижается на ~40 %, механизм разрушения меняется от вязкого пропахивания к микрорезанию. Акустическая эмиссия и вибрация коррелируют со сменой механизмов изнашивания.

BronzeMicrostructurePhase compositionMechanical propertiesSevere plastic deformationScratchingSliding frictionБронзаМикроструктураФазовый составМеханические свойстваИнтенсивная пластическая деформацияЦарапаниеТрение скольженияThe work was carried out under the state assignment for ISPMS SB RAS, project FWRW‑2026‑0001.Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской ФедерацииMinistry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian FederationFWRW-2026-0001Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ИФПМ СО РАН, тема FWRW-2026-0001.

Funding

The work was carried out under the state assignment for ISPMS SB RAS, project FWRW‑2026‑0001.

Финансирование

Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ИФПМ СО РАН, тема FWRW-2026-0001.

Shangina D.V., Gubicza J., Dodony E., Bochvar N.R., Straumal P.B., Tabachkova N.Yu., Dobatkin S.V. Improvement of strength and conductivity in Cu-alloys with the application of high pressure torsion and subsequent heat-treatments. Journal of Materials Science, 2014, vol. 49, pp. 6674–6681. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-014-8339-4.Improvement of strength and conductivity in Cu-alloys with the application of high pressure torsion and subsequent heat-treatments / D.V. Shangina, J. Gubicza, E. Dodony, N.R. Bochvar, P.B. Straumal, N.Yu. Tabachkova, S.V. Dobatkin // Journal of Materials Science. – 2014. – Vol. 49. – P. 6674–6681. – DOI: 10.1007/s10853-014-8339-4.Qu S., An X.H., Yang H.J., Huang C.X., Yang G., Zang Q.S., Wang Z.G., Wu S.D., Zhang Z.F. Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Cu–Al alloys subjected to equal channel angular pressing. Acta Materialia, 2009, vol. 57 (5), pp. 1586–1601. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.12.002.Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Cu–Al alloys subjected to equal channel angular pressing / S. Qu, X.H. An, H.J. Yang, C.X. Huang, G. Yang, Q.S. Zang, Z.G. Wang, S.D. Wu, Z.F. Zhang // Acta Materialia. – 2009. – Vol. 57 (5). – P. 1586–1601. – DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.12.002.Valiev R.Z., Islamgaliev R.K., Alexandrov I.V. Bulk nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation. Progress in Materials Science, 2000, vol. 45, pp. 103–189. DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6425(99)00007-9.Valiev R.Z., Islamgaliev R.K., Alexandrov I.V. Bulk nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation // Progress in Materials Science. – 2000. – Vol. 45. – P. 103–189. – DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6425(99)00007-9.Osintsev O.E., Fedorov V.N. Med' i mednye splavy. Otechestvennye i zarubezhnye marki [Copper and copper alloys. domestic and foreign brands]. Reference book. 2nd ed. rev. Moscow, Innovatsionnoe mashinostroenie Publ., 2016. 360 p. ISBN 978-5-9907638-3-8.Осинцев О.Е., Федоров В.Н. Медь и медные сплавы. Отечественные и зарубежные марки: справочник. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: Инновационное машиностроение, 2016. – 360 с. – ISBN 978-5-9907638-3-8.Kroupa A., Zobač O., Richter K.W. The thermodynamic reassessment of the binary Al–Cu system. Journal of Materials Science, 2021, vol. 56, pp. 3430–3443. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-020-05423-7.Kroupa A., Zobac O., Richter K.W. The thermodynamic reassessment of the binary Al–Cu system // Journal of Materials Science. – 2021. – Vol. 56. – P. 3430–3443. – DOI: 10.1007/s10853-020-05423-7.Zobac O., Kroupa A., Zemanova A., Richter K.W. Experimental вescription of the Al–Cu binary phase diagram. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2019, vol. 50, pp. 3805–3815. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-019-05286-x.Experimental description of the Al–Cu binary phase diagram / O. Zobac, A. Kroupa, A. Zemanova, K.W. Richter // Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. – 2019. – Vol. 50. – P. 3805–3815. – DOI: 10.1007/s11661-019-05286-x.Alés A. Study of different structures derives of β Cu3Al by means of ab-initio calculations and quasi-harmonic approximation. Computational Condensed Matter, 2022, vol. 31, p. e00652. DOI: 10.1016/j.cocom.2022.e00652.Alés A. Study of different structures derives of β–Cu3Al by means of ab-initio calculations and quasi-harmonic approximation // Computational Condensed Matter. – 2022. – Vol. 31. – P. e00652. – DOI: 10.1016/j.cocom.2022.e00652.Huang R., Zhu D., Liao X., Yan Q. Effect of ECAP process and subsequent annealing on microstructure and properties of Cu–0.25Se–0.25Te alloy. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2020, vol. 49, pp. 2617–2624. DOI: 10.1007/s11664-020-07975-5.Effect of ECAP process and subsequent annealing on microstructure and properties of Cu–0.25Se–0.25Te alloy / R. Huang, D. Zhu, X. Liao, Q. Yan // Journal of Electronic Materials. – 2020. – Vol. 49. – P. 2617–2624. – DOI: 10.1007/s11664-020-07975-5.Hase A., Mishina H., Wada M. Correlation between features of acoustic emission signals and mechanical wear mechanisms. Wear, 2012, vol. 292–293, pp. 144–150. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2012.05.019.Hase A., Mishina H., Wada M. Correlation between features of acoustic emission signals and mechanical wear mechanisms // Wear. – 2012. – Vol. 292–293. – P. 144–150. – DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2012.05.019.Towsyfyan H., Gu F., Ball A.D., Liang B. Tribological behaviour diagnostic and fault detection of mechanical seals based on acoustic emission measurements. Friction, 2019, vol. 7, pp. 572–586. DOI: 10.1007/s40544-018-0244-4.Tribological behaviour diagnostic and fault detection of mechanical seals based on acoustic emission measurements / H. Towsyfyan, F. Gu, A.D. Ball, B. Liang // Friction. – 2019. – Vol. 7. – P. 572–586. – DOI: 10.1007/s40544-018-0244-4.Hase A., Mishina H. Identification and evaluation of wear phenomena under electric current by using an acoustic emission technique. Tribology International, 2018, vol. 127, pp. 372–378. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2018.06.027.Hase A., Mishina H. Identification and evaluation of wear phenomena under electric current by using an acoustic emission technique // Tribology International. – 2018. – Vol. 127. – P. 372–378. – DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2018.06.027.Kolubaev E.A., Kolubaev A.V., Sizova O.V. Analysis of acoustic emission during sliding friction of manganese steel. Technical Physics Letters, 2010, vol. 36 (8), pp. 762–765. DOI: 10.1134/S1063785010080250.Kolubaev E.A., Kolubaev A.V., Sizova O.V. Analysis of acoustic emission during sliding friction of manganese steel // Technical Physics Letters. – 2010. – Vol. 36 (8). – P. 762–765. – DOI: 10.1134/S1063785010080250.Rubtsov V.E., Kolubaev E.A., Kolubaev A.V., Popov V.L. Using acoustic emission for the analysis of wear processes during sliding friction. Technical Physics Letters, 2013, vol. 39 (2), pp. 223–225. DOI: 10.1134/S1063785013020235.Using acoustic emission for the analysis of wear processes during sliding friction / V.E. Rubtsov, E.A. Kolubaev, A.V. Kolubaev, V.L. Popov // Technical Physics Letters. – 2013. – Vol. 39 (2). – P. 223–225. – DOI: 10.1134/S1063785013020235.Filippov A.V., Tarasov S.Yu., Fortuna S.V., Podgornykh O.A., Shamarin N.N., Rubtsov V.E. Microstructural, mechanical and acoustic emission-assisted wear characterization of equal channel angular pressed (ECAP) low stacking fault energy brass. Tribology International, 2018, vol. 123, pp. 273–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2018.03.023.Microstructural, mechanical and acoustic emission-assisted wear characterization of equal channel angular pressed (ECAP) low stacking fault energy brass / A.V. Filippov, S.Yu. Tarasov, S.V. Fortuna, O.A. Podgornykh, N.N. Shamarin, V.E. Rubtsov // Tribology International. – 2018. – Vol. 123. – P. 273–285. – DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2018.03.023.Filippov A.V., Tarasov S.Y., Podgornykh O.A., Fortuna S.V., Shamarin N.N., Vorontsov A.V. Wear, vibration and acoustic emission characterization of sliding friction processes of coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained copper. Wear, 2019, vol. 424–425, pp. 78–88. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2019.02.014.Wear, vibration and acoustic emission characterization of sliding friction processes of coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained copper / A.V. Filippov, S.Yu. Tarasov, O.A. Podgornykh, S.V. Fortuna, N.N. Shamarin, A.V. Vorontsov // Wear. – 2019. – Vol. 424–425. – P. 78–88. – DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2019.02.014.Filippov A.V., Rubtsov V.E., Tarasov S.Y. Acoustic emission study of surface deterioration in sliding steel contacts. Applied Acoustics, 2017, vol. 117, pp. 106–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.11.007.Filippov A.V., Rubtsov V.E., Tarasov S.Y. Acoustic emission study of surface deterioration in sliding steel contacts // Applied Acoustics. – 2017. – Vol. 117. – P. 106–112. – DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.11.007.Deng Z., Yin H., Zhang C., Zhang G., Zhang T., Liu Z., Wang H., Qu X. Sintering mechanism of Cu–9Al alloy prepared from elemental powders. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2019, vol. 29 (4), pp. 425–431. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2019.04.007.Sintering mechanism of Cu–9Al alloy prepared from elemental powders / Z. Deng, H. Yin, C. Zhang, G. Zhang, T. Zhang, Z. Liu, H. Wang, X. Qu // Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. – 2019. – Vol. 29 (4). – P. 425–431. – DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2019.04.007.Kainuma R., Satoh N., Liu X.J., Ohnuma I., Ishida K. Phase equilibria and Heusler phase stability in the Cu rich portion of the Cu–Al–Mn system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1998, vol. 266 (1 2), pp. 191–200. DOI: 10.1016/S0925-8388(97)00425-8.Phase equilibria and Heusler phase stability in the Cu-rich portion of the Cu–Al–Mn system / R. Kainuma, N. Satoh, X.J. Liu, I. Ohnuma, K. Ishida // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 1998. – Vol. 266 (1–2). – P. 191–200. – DOI: 10.1016/S0925-8388(97)00425-8.Zykova A., Panfilov A., Chumaevskii A., Vorontsov A., Gurianov D., Savchenko N., Kolubaev E., Tarasov S. Decomposition of β′-martensite in annealing the additively manufactured aluminum bronze. Materials Letters, 2023, vol. 338, p. 134064. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134064.Decomposition of β′-martensite in annealing the additively manufactured aluminum bronze / A. Zykova, A. Panfilov, A. Chumaevskii, A. Vorontsov, D. Gurianov, N. Savchenko, E. Kolubaev, S. Tarasov // Materials Letters. – 2023. – Vol. 338. – P. 134064. – DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134064.Ge Y., Vronka M., Veřtát P., Karlik M., Hannula S.P., Heczko O. Deformation twinning with different twin boundary mobility in 2H martensite in Cu–Ni–Al shape memory alloy. Acta Materialia, 2022, vol. 226, p. 117598. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117598.Deformation twinning with different twin-boundary mobility in 2H martensite in Cu–Ni–Al shape memory alloy / Y. Ge, M. Vronka, P. Vertát, M. Karlik, S.P. Hannula, O. Heczko // Acta Materialia. – 2022. – Vol. 226. – P. 117598. – DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117598.Sedlák P., Seiner H., Landa M., Novák V., Šittner P., Mañosa L. Elastic constants of bcc austenite and 2H orthorhombic martensite in CuAlNi shape memory alloy. Acta Materialia, 2005, vol. 53, pp. 3643–3661. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.04.013.Elastic constants of bcc austenite and 2H orthorhombic martensite in CuAlNi shape memory alloy / P. Sedlák, H. Seiner, M. Landa, V. Novák, P. Šittner, Ll. Mañosa // Acta Materialia. – 2005. – Vol. 53. – P. 3643–3661. – DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.04.013.Liverić L., Sitek W., Snopiński P., Maziarz W., Grgurić T.H. A microstructural study of Cu–10Al–7Ag shape memory alloy in as-cast and quenched conditions. Symmetry, 2024, vol. 16, p. 545. DOI: 10.3390/sym16050545.A microstructural study of Cu–10Al–7Ag shape memory alloy in as-cast and quenched conditions / L. Liveric, W. Sitek, P. Snopinski, W. Maziarz, T.H. Grguric // Symmetry. – 2024. – Vol. 16. – P. 545. – DOI: 10.3390/sym16050545.Han Z., Zhao H. Effect of β martensite transformation on dealuminification behavior of Cu–9Al–2Mn alloy in a marine environment. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2003, vol. 345, pp. 8–13. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00124-7.Han Z., Zhao H. Effect of β martensite transformation on dealuminification behavior of Cu–9Al–2Mn alloy in a marine environment // Materials Science and Engineering A. – 2003. – Vol. 345. – P. 8–13. – DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00124-7.Olejnik P., Desta Y.D. Friction-induced interactions: acoustic emissions, vibrations, and wear – a multiscale review. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2025, vol. 113, pp. 24101–24140. DOI: 10.1007/s11071-025-11397-5.Olejnik P., Desta Y.D. Friction-induced interactions: acoustic emissions, vibrations, and wear – a multiscale review // Nonlinear Dynamics. – 2025. – Vol. 113. – P. 24101–24140. – DOI: 10.1007/s11071-025-11397-5.Tarasov S.Yu., Filippov A.V., Kolubaev E.A., Kalashnikova T.A. Adhesion transfer in sliding a steel ball against an aluminum alloy. Tribology International, 2017, vol. 115, pp. 191–198. DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2017.05.039.Adhesion transfer in sliding a steel ball against an aluminum alloy / S.Yu. Tarasov, A.V. Filippov, E.A. Kolubaev, T.A. Kalashnikova // Tribology International. – 2017. – Vol. 115. – P. 191–198. – DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2017.05.039.