<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-6309</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2541-819X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Новосибирский государственный технический университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">462675</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.3-250-268</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UBQPSB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of carbon alloying and heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological behaviour of a powder-metallurgy CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние легирования углеродом и термической обработки на структуру, механические и трибологические свойства порошкового высокоэнтропийного сплава CoCrCuFeNi</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2505-2918</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55797899400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-2052-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1271-5454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логинов</surname><given-names>Павел Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loginov</surname><given-names>Pavel</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>pavel.loginov.misis@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9208-1453</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58097929700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">KZT-8032-2024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9349-7338</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федотов</surname><given-names>Александр Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedotov</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер научного проекта</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Scientific project engineer</p></bio><email>sashok12221998@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-6237</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203724980</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">V-9130-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4159-3139</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муканов</surname><given-names>Самат Куандыкович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukanov</surname><given-names>Samat</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>smukanov@misis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7470-5185</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">59668527500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">KGL-2401-2024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6651-4379</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романенко</surname><given-names>Богдан Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanenko</surname><given-names>Bogdan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер научного проекта</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Scientific Project Engineer</p></bio><email>a.v.d.romanenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5211-8993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чканникова</surname><given-names>Юлия Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chkannikova</surname><given-names>Yulia</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>laboratory assistant</p></bio><email>Firestorm567@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5410-5915</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koltsov</surname><given-names>Nikita</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кольцов</surname><given-names>Никита Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаборант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory assistant</p></bio><email>koltsov02@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9233-4707</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57190133958</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-2047-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8795-1389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бычкова</surname><given-names>Марина Яковлевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bychkova</surname><given-names>Marina</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>bychkova@shs.misis.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8882-4191</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56825941700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-2018-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4131-0123</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Manakova</surname><given-names>Olga</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манакова</surname><given-names>Ольга Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>manakova_ol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСИС»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National University of Science and Technology MISIS</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт нанотехнологий микроэлектроники Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №3 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO3 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>250</fpage><lpage>268</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-14"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Loginov P.A., Fedotov A.D., Mukanov S.K., Romanenko B.Y., Chkannikova J.G., Koltsov N.A., Bychkova M.Y., Manakova O.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Логинов П.А., Федотов А.Д., Муканов С.К., Романенко Б.Ю., Чканникова Ю.Г., Кольцов Н.А., Бычкова М.Я., Манакова О.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Loginov P.A., Fedotov A.D., Mukanov S.K., Romanenko B.Y., Chkannikova J.G., Koltsov N.A., Bychkova M.Y., Manakova O.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Логинов П.А., Федотов А.Д., Муканов С.К., Романенко Б.Ю., Чканникова Ю.Г., Кольцов Н.А., Бычкова М.Я., Манакова О.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/462675">https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/462675</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Powder metallurgy high-entropy alloys (<italic>HEAs</italic>) of the <italic>CoCrCuFeNi</italic> system exhibit high strength but low ductility due to their ultrafine-grained structure and inhomogeneous distribution of the copper-rich phase. One approach to improve the balance of mechanical properties involves the microaddition of non-metallic elements, particularly carbon, which can enhance both strength and ductility. <bold><italic>The purpose of this study</italic></bold> is to determine the effect of carbon content (0.2–1.0 wt.%) and heat treatment on the phase composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological behavior of powder metallurgy CoCrCuFeNi HEAs fabricated by mechanical alloying and hot pressing. <bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The investigation employed X‑ray diffraction (<italic>XRD</italic>), scanning electron microscopy (<italic>SEM</italic>), transmission electron microscopy (<italic>TEM</italic>), hardness testing, bending testing, tensile testing, and pin‑on‑plate tribological testing (with <italic>Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub></italic> as the counterbody). <bold>Results and discussion.</bold> It is established that carbon is bound into <italic>Cr<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub></italic> and <italic>Cr<sub>2</sub>(C,N)</italic> phases without altering the ratio of the major phases. Hardness increase from 3.27 to 3.56 GPa, and bending strength increased from 1,440 to 1,620 MPa. For the alloy containing 1.0 wt.% <italic>C</italic> after annealing, a bending strength of 1,780 MPa, a tensile strength of 1,010 MPa, and an elongation of 2.3% were achieved, whereas the base alloy exhibited brittle fracture at 730 MPa. <italic>TEM</italic> analysis revealed that carbides are predominantly located at grain boundaries of the matrix (grain size 620–840 nm), facilitating a transition from intergranular cleavage to ductile dimple fracture. The friction coefficient (0.75–0.77) is weakly dependent on composition, while the lowest wear is attained after annealing of the carbon‑alloyed composition. It is found that alloying with carbon (1.0 wt.%) followed by heat treatment enhances both the strength and ductility of powder metallurgy <italic>CoCrCuFeNi</italic> <italic>HEAs</italic> through carbide strengthening and optimization of grain boundary structure.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Порошковые высокоэнтропийные сплавы (ВЭС) системы CoCrCuFeNi, получаемые методами порошковой металлургии, обладают высокой прочностью, но низкой пластичностью из-за ультрамелкозернистой структуры и неравномерного распределения медной фазы. Один из подходов к улучшению баланса механических свойств заключается во введении микродобавок неметаллических элементов, в частности углерода, который может способствовать повышению как прочности, так и пластичности. <bold>Цель работы.</bold> Определение влияния содержания углерода (0,2…1,0 масc. %) и термической обработки на фазовый состав, микроструктуру, механические и трибологические свойства порошковых ВЭС CoCrCuFeNi, изготовленных механическим легированием и горячим прессованием. <bold>Методы исследования. </bold>В работе использовались методы РФА, СЭМ, ПЭМ, испытания на твердость, изгиб, растяжение и трибологические испытания по схеме «стержень – пластина» (контртело Si3N4). <bold>Результаты и обсуждение.</bold> Установлено, что углерод связывается в карбиды Cr23C6 и Cr2(C, N) без изменения соотношения основных фаз. Твердость возрастает с 3,27 до 3,56 ГПа, предел прочности при изгибе – с 1440 до 1620 МПа. Для сплава с добавкой 1,0 масc. % C после отжига достигнуты предел прочности при изгибе 1780 МПа, предел прочности при растяжении 1010 МПа и остаточная деформация 2,3 %, тогда как базовый сплав разрушается хрупко при 730 МПа. По данным ПЭМ, карбиды локализуются по границам зерен матрицы (620…840 нм), обеспечивая переход от интеркристаллитного скола к вязкому ямочному излому. Коэффициент трения (0,75…0,77) слабо зависит от состава; минимальный износ достигнут после отжига легированного углеродом сплава. Установлено, что легирование углеродом (1 масc. %) и проведение термической обработки порошковых ВЭС CoCrCuFeNi обеспечивает рост прочности и пластичности за счет карбидного упрочнения и оптимизации структуры границ зерен.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Высокоэнтропийные сплавы</kwd><kwd>Порошковая металлургия</kwd><kwd>Механические свойства</kwd><kwd>Трибологические свойства</kwd><kwd>Механизм упрочнения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>High?entropy alloys</kwd><kwd>Powder metallurgy</kwd><kwd>Mechanical properties</kwd><kwd>Tribological properties</kwd><kwd>Strengthening mechanism</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект No 22-79-10144-П).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 22‑79‑10144‑P).</funding-statement><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-79-10144-П</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Финансирование</italic></p> <p>Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект No 22-79-10144-П).</p> <p> </p> <p><italic>Благодарности</italic></p> <p>Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность М.И. Петржику, руководителю испытательной лаборатории функциональных поверхностей НИТУ МИСИС, за помощь в изучении механических свойств.</p></fn><fn xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Funding</italic></p> <p>This study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 22‑79‑10144‑P).</p> <p> </p> <p><italic>Acknowledgments</italic></p> <p>The authors express their sincere gratitude to M.I. Petrzhik, Head of the Functional Surfaces Testing Laboratory at NUST MISIS, for assistance with the mechanical property characterization.</p></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yeh J.-W., Chen S.-K., Lin S.-J., Gan J.-Y., Chin T.-S., Shun T.-T., Tsau C.-H., Chang S.-Y. Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2004, vol. 6 (5), pp. 299–303. DOI: 10.1002/ADEM.200300567.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes / J.-W. Yeh, S.-K. Chen, S.-J. Lin, J.-Y. Gan, T.-S. Chin, T.-T. Shun, C.-H. Tsau, S.-Y. Chang // Advanced Engineering Materials. – 2004. – Vol. 6 (5). – P. 299–303. – DOI: 10.1002/ADEM.200300567.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cantor B., Chang I.T.H., Knight P., Vincent A.J.B. Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2004, vol. 375–377, pp. 213–218. DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2003.10.257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys / B. Cantor, I.T.H. Chang, P. Knight, A.J.B. Vincent // Materials Science and Engineering A. – 2004. – Vol. 375–377. – P. 213–218. – DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2003.10.257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiao H., Zhong D., Peng B., Mei M., Xu N., Misra R.D.K., Tang Y., Zhao L.-Z. Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high-entropy alloy with multi-scale nanotwins. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2026, vol. 949, p. 149447. DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2025.149447.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high-entropy alloy with multi-scale nanotwins / H. Jiao, D. Zhong, B. Peng, M. Mei, N. Xu, R.D.K. Misra, Y. Tang, L. Zhao // Materials Science and Engineering A. – 2026. – Vol. 949. – P. 149447. – DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2025.149447.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Feng K., Zhou F., Qin Q., Yu T., Zhao H., Ge L. Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in a Cu-based high entropy alloy via severe cold-deformed and annealing treatment. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2025, vol. 39, pp. 7717–7731. DOI: 10.1016/J.JMRT.2025.11.133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in a Cu-based high entropy alloy via severe cold-deformed and annealing treatment / J. Li, K. Feng, F. Zhou, Q. Qin, T. Yu, H. Zhao, L. Ge // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. – 2025. – Vol. 39. – P. 7717–7731. – DOI: 10.1016/J.JMRT.2025.11.133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang S., Chen Z., Chen R., Wu Z., Jia Y., Zhang W., Wang Y., Liu W., Zhao Y., Shi R., Cao B., Yu S., Wei J. Superior strength-ductility synergy in additively manufactured CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys with multi-scale hierarchical microstructure. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, vol. 1006, p. 176268. DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2024.176268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Superior strength-ductility synergy in additively manufactured CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys with multi-scale hierarchical microstructure / S. Wang, Z. Chen, R. Chen, Z. Wu, Y. Jia, W. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Liu, Y. Zhao, R. Shi, B. Cao, S. Yu, J. Wei // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2024. – Vol. 1006. – P. 176268. – DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2024.176268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang P., Chen C., Pu Z., Xu Z.-L., Chan K. Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in complex hetero-structured eutectic high entropy alloy via multi-mechanism deformation. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2026, vol. 265, pp. 235–255. DOI: 10.1016/J.JMST.2025.11.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in complex hetero-structured eutectic high entropy alloy via multi-mechanism deformation / P. Wang, C. Chen, Z. Pu, Z.-L. Xu, K. Chan // Journal of Materials Science and Technology. – 2026. – Vol. 265. – P. 235–255. – DOI: 10.1016/J.JMST.2025.11.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maharana S., Biswal S., Sabat M., Prasad D.K.V.D., Laha T. Deciphering the role of stacking fault energy on TWIP–TRIP interplay in Ni-rich high entropy alloy with tailored Ti content. International Journal of Plasticity, 2026, vol. 199, p. 104642. DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPLAS.2026.104642.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deciphering the role of stacking fault energy on TWIP–TRIP interplay in Ni-rich high entropy alloy with tailored Ti content / S. Maharana, S. Biswal, M. Sabat, D.K.V.D. Prasad, T. Laha // International Journal of Plasticity. – 2026. – Vol. 199. – P. 104642. – DOI: 10.1016/J.IJPLAS.2026.104642.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loginov P.A., Fedotov A.D., Mukanov S.K., Manakova O.S., Zaitsev A.A., Akhmetov A.S., Rupasov S.I., Levashov E.A. Manufacturing of metal–diamond composites with high-strength CoCrCuxFeNi high-entropy alloy used as a binder. Materials, 2023, vol. 16 (3), p. 1285. DOI: 10.3390/MA16031285.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manufacturing of metal–diamond composites with high-strength CoCrCuxFeNi high-entropy alloy used as a binder / P.A. Loginov, A.D. Fedotov, S.K. Mukanov, O.S. Manakova, A.A. Zaitsev, A.S. Akhmetov, S.I. Rupasov, E.A. Levashov // Materials. – 2023. – Vol. 16 (3). – P. 1285. – DOI: 10.3390/MA16031285.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukanov S., Loginov P., Fedotov A., Bychkova M., Antonyuk M., Levashov E. The effect of copper on the microstructure, wear and corrosion resistance of CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys manufactured by powder metallurgy. Materials, 2023, vol. 16 (3), p. 1178. DOI: 10.3390/MA16031178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The effect of copper on the microstructure, wear and corrosion resistance of CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys manufactured by powder metallurgy / S. Mukanov, P. Loginov, A. Fedotov, M. Bychkova, M. Antonyuk, E. Levashov // Materials. – 2023. – Vol. 16 (3). – P. 1178. – DOI: 10.3390/MA16031178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuptsov K.A., Antonyuk M.N., Sheveyko A.N., Bondarev A.V., Ignatov S.G., Slukin P.V., Dwivedi P., Fraile A., Polcar T., Shtansky D.V. High-entropy Fe-Cr-Ni-Co-(Cu) coatings produced by vacuum electro-spark deposition for marine and coastal applications. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2023, vol. 453, p. 129136. DOI: 10.1016/J.SURFCOAT.2022.129136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">High-entropy Fe-Cr-Ni-Co-(Cu) coatings produced by vacuum electro-spark deposition for marine and coastal applications / K.A. Kuptsov, M.N. Antonyuk, A.N. Sheveyko, A.V. Bondarev, S.G. Ignatov, P.V. Slukin, P. Dwivedi, A. Fraile, T. Polcar, D.V. Shtansky // Surface and Coatings Technology. – 2023. – Vol. 453. – P. 129136. – DOI: 10.1016/J.SURFCOAT.2022.129136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fatykhova M.N., Kuptsov K.A., Sheveyko A.N., Gizatullina A.R., Loginov P.A., Shtansky D.V. High-entropy Fe-Co-Cr-Ni-(Cu) coatings with enhanced corrosion and tribocorrosion resistance obtained by vacuum electrospark deposition. Izvestiya vuzov. Tsvetnaya metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, 2024, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 87–96. DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2024-3-87-96. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Высокоэнтропийные покрытия Fe–Co–Cr–Ni–(Cu) с повышенной коррозионной и трибокоррозионной стойкостью, полученные электроискровым легированием в вакууме / М.Н. Фатыхова, К.А. Купцов, А.Н. Шевейко, А.Р. Гизатуллина, П.А. Логинов, Д.В. Штанский // Известия вузов. Цветная металлургия. – 2024. – Т. 30, № 3. – С. 87–96. – DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2024-3-87-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burla A., Khandelwal M., Vaidya M. Antibacterial properties of Cu containing complex concentrated alloys. Materials Today Communications, 2022, vol. 33, p. 104915. DOI: 10.1016/J.MTCOMM.2022.104915.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burla A., Khandelwal M., Vaidya M. Antibacterial properties of Cu containing complex concentrated alloys // Materials Today Communications. – 2022. – Vol. 33. – P. 104915. – DOI: 10.1016/J.MTCOMM.2022.104915.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo T., Li J., Wang J., Wang Y., Kou H., Niu S. Liquid-phase separation in undercooled CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy. Intermetallics, 2017, vol. 86, pp. 110–115. DOI: 10.1016/J.INTERMET.2017.03.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liquid-phase separation in undercooled CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy / T. Guo, J. Li, J. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Kou, S. Niu // Intermetallics. – 2017. – Vol. 86. – P. 110–115. – DOI: 10.1016/J.INTERMET.2017.03.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu P., Lin C.M., Kou S. Microstructure evolution of a CoCrFeNiCu high entropy alloy in directional solidification by arc welding and quenching. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, vol. 1039, p. 183228. DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2025.183228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu P., Lin C.M., Kou S. Microstructure evolution of a CoCrFeNiCu high entropy alloy in directional solidification by arc welding and quenching // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2025. – Vol. 1039. – P. 183228. – DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2025.183228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li N., Jia C.L., Wang Z.W. Wu L.-H., Ni D.R., Li Z.-K., Fu H., Xue P., Xiao B.-L., Ma Z.Y., Shao Y., Chang Y.-L. Achieving a high-strength CoCrFeNiCu high-entropy alloy with an ultrafine-grained structure via friction stir processing. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, vol. 33 (7), pp. 947–956. DOI: 10.1007/S40195-020-01037-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Achieving a high-strength cocrfenicu high-entropy alloy with an ultrafine-grained structure via friction stir processing / N. Li, C.L. Jia, Z.W. Wang, L.-H. Wu, D.R. Ni, Z.-K. Li, H. Fu, P. Xue, B.-L. Xiao, Z.Y. Ma, Y. Shao, Y.-L. Chang // Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters). – 2020. – Vol. 33 (7). – P. 947–956. – DOI: 10.1007/S40195-020-01037-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thangaraju S., Bouzy T.E., Hazotte A. Phase stability of a mechanically alloyed CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2017, vol. 19 (8), p. 1700095. DOI: 10.1002/ADEM.201700095.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thangaraju S., Bouzy T.E., Hazotte A. Phase stability of a mechanically alloyed CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy // Advanced Engineering Materials. – 2017. – Vol. 19 (8). – P. 1700095. – DOI: 10.1002/ADEM.201700095.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu Q., Wang H.L., Qian L.H., Zeng L.-c., Wang Q., Liu X.-w. Effects of Cu additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast CrFeCoNiCux high-entropy alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2023, vol. 33 (6), pp. 1803–1813. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(23)66223-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effects of Cu additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast CrFeCoNiCux high-entropy alloy / Q. Hu, H.L. Wang, L.H. Qian, L.-c. Zeng, Q. Wang, X.-w. Liu // Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. – 2023. – Vol. 33 (6). – P. 1803–1813. – DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(23)66223-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedotov A.D., Mukanov S.K., Romanenko B.Yu., Loginov P.A., Bychkova M.Ya., Rupasov S.I. Mechanical and tribological characteristics of nickel-rich CoCrCuxFeNi2 high entropy-alloys. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Tsvetnaya metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, 2024, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 55–69. DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2024-1-55-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mechanical and tribological characteristics of nickel-rich CoCrCuxFeNi2 high entropy-alloys / A.D. Fedotov, S.K. Mukanov, B.Yu. Romanenko, P.A. Loginov, M.Ya. Bychkova, S.I. Rupasov // Известия вузов. Цветная металлургия. – 2024. – Т. 30, № 1. – С. 55–69. – DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2024-1-55-69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narzulloev U.U., Matveev A.T., Kaplanskaya L.Y., Mukanov S., Kuptsov K., Teplyakova T., Loginov P., Shchetinin I., Shtansky D. Boron-doped high entropy CrFeCoNiCu alloy-based composites reinforced with oxides and borides with enhanced thermomechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, vol. 1036, p. 181778. DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2025.181778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boron-doped high entropy CrFeCoNiCu alloy-based composites reinforced with oxides and borides with enhanced thermomechanical properties / U.U. Narzulloev, A.T. Matveev, L.Y. Kaplanskaya, S. Mukanov, K. Kuptsov, T. Teplyakova, P. Loginov, I. Shchetinin, D. Shtansky // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2025. – Vol. 1036. – P. 181778. – DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2025.181778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astafurova E.G., Reunova K.A., Melnikov E.V., Panchenko M.Yu., Astafurov S.V., Maier G.G., Moskvina V.A. On the difference in carbon- and nitrogen-alloying of equiatomic FeMnCrNiCo high-entropy alloy. Materials Letters, 2020, vol. 276, p. 128183. DOI: 10.1016/J.MATLET.2020.128183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">On the difference in carbon- and nitrogen-alloying of equiatomic FeMnCrNiCo high-entropy alloy / E.G. Astafurova, K.A. Reunova, E.V. Melnikov, M.Yu. Panchenko, S.V. Astafurov, G.G. Maier, V.A. Moskvina // Materials Letters. – 2020. – Vol. 276. – P. 128183. – DOI: 10.1016/J.MATLET.2020.128183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astafurov S.V., Melnikov E.V., Reunova K.A., Panchenko M.Yu., Zagibalova E.A., Krukovskii K.V., Astafurova E.G. The way to improve strength and ductility of heavily carbon-alloyed high-entropy Fe20Mn20Cr20Ni20Co15C5 alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2022, vol. 851, p. 143628. DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2022.143628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The way to improve strength and ductility of heavily carbon-alloyed high-entropy Fe20Mn20Cr20Ni20Co15C5 alloy / S.V. Astafurov, E.V. Melnikov, K.A. Reunova, M.Yu. Panchenko, E.A. Zagibalova, K.V. Krukovskii, E.G. Astafurova // Materials Science and Engineering A. – 2022. – Vol. 851. – P. 143628. – DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2022.143628.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astafurova E.G., Reunova K.A., Astafurov S.V., Astapov D.O. Temperature dependence of the deformation behavior of high-entropy alloys Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20, Co19Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20C1, and Co17Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20C3. Mechanical properties and temperature dependence of yield stress. Physical Mesomechanics, 2024, vol. 27, pp. 113–123. DOI: 10.1134/S1029959924020012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temperature dependence of the deformation behavior of high-entropy alloys Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20, Co19Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20C1, and Co17Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20C3. Mechanical properties and temperature dependence of yield stress alloy / E.G. Astafurova, K.A. Reunova, S.V. Astafurov, D.O. Astapov // Physical Mesomechanics. – 2024. – Vol. 27. – P. 113–123. – DOI: 10.1134/S1029959924020012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astafurova E.G., Melnikov E.V., Reunova K.A., Astafurov S., Panchenko M., Mikhno A., Tumbusova I. Temperature dependence of mechanical properties and plastic flow behavior of cast multicomponent alloys Fe20Cr20Mn20Ni20Co20-xCx (x = 0, 1, 3, 5). Physical Mesomechanics, 2021, vol. 24, pp. 674–683. DOI: 10.1134/S1029959921060059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temperature dependence of mechanical properties and plastic flow behavior of cast multicomponent alloys Fe20Cr20Mn20Ni20Co20-xCx (x = 0, 1, 3, 5) / E.G. Astafurova, E.V. Melnikov, K.A. Reunova, S.V. Astafurov, M.Yu. Panchenko, A. Mikhno, I. Tumbusova // Physical Mesomechanics. – 2021. – Vol. 24. – P. 674–683. – DOI: 10.1134/S1029959921060059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Q.K., Li S.A., He L.X., Wang Z.K., Cai Y., Zhang N., Zhao X.J., Lu L. Synergistic enhancement of strength and ductility of CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy via dual carbon-induced heterogeneous structures. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2025, vol. 948, p. 149317. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.149317.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Synergistic enhancement of strength and ductility of CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy via dual carbon-induced heterogeneous structures / Q.K. Wang, S.A. Li, L.X. He, Z.K. Wang, Y. Cai, N. Zhang, X.J. Zhao, L. Lu // Materials Science and Engineering A. – 2025. – Vol. 948. – P. 149317. – DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2025.149317.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amani-Ghadim H., Farjam R., Akbari A. Carbon doped Co40Cr20Ni20Fe10Mn10 high entropy alloy: microstructure and mechanical properties. High Entropy Alloy Materials, 2026, vol. 2026, pp. 1–19. DOI: 10.1007/S44210-025-00073-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amani-Ghadim H., Farjam R., Akbari A. Carbon doped Co40Cr20Ni20Fe10Mn10 high entropy alloy: microstructure and mechanical properties // High Entropy Alloy Materials. – 2026. – Vol. 2026. – P. 1–19. – DOI: 10.1007/S44210-025-00073-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma K., Feng L., Liu J., Zhao Y. Microstructure and compressive deformation behavior of carbon-doped Fe0.5CrMnAlCu high-entropy alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, vol. 1046, p. 184880. DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2025.184880.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Microstructure and compressive deformation behavior of carbon-doped Fe0.5CrMnAlCu high-entropy alloy / K. Ma, L. Feng, J. Liu, Y. Zhao // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2025. – Vol. 1046. – P. 184880. DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2025.184880.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang Q., Peng S., Lin C., Hou Y., Chen L., Li Z. Overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off of additively manufactured metastable high-entropy alloy via carbon doping. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, vol. 1036, p. 181960. DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2025.181960.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off of additively manufactured metastable high-entropy alloy via carbon doping / Q. Tang, S. Peng, C. Lin, Y. Hou, L. Chen, Z. Li // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. – 2025. – Vol. 1036. – P. 181960. – DOI: 10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2025.181960.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedotov A.D., Mukanov S.K., Rupasov S.I., Loginov P.A., Levashov E.A. Poluchenie iznosostoikikh boridnykh kermetov na osnove vysokoentropiinogo splava CoCrCuFeNi metodom goryachego pressovaniya [Production of wear-resistant boride cermets based on the high-entropy CoCrCuFeNi alloy by hot pressing]. Metallurg = Metallurgist, 2026, no. 1, pp. 93–102. DOI: 10.52351/00260827_2026_1_93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Получение износостойких боридных керметов на основе высокоэнтропийного сплава CoCrCuFeNi методом горячего прессования / А.Д. Федотов, С.К. Муканов, С.И. Рупасов, П.А. Логинов, Е.А. Левашов // Металлург. – 2026. – № 1. – С. 93–102. – DOI: 10.52351/00260827_2026_1_93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z., Baker I., Cai Z., Chen S., Poplawsky JD., Guo W. The effect of interstitial carbon on the mechanical properties and dislocation substructure evolution in Fe40.4Ni11.3Mn34.8Al7.5Cr6 high entropy alloys. Acta Materialia, 2016, vol. 120, pp. 228–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The effect of interstitial carbon on the mechanical properties and dislocation substructure evolution in Fe40.4Ni11.3Mn34.8Al7.5Cr6 high entropy alloys / Z. Wang, I. Baker, Z. Cai, S. Chen, J.D. Poplawsky, W. Guo // Acta Materialia. – 2016. – Vol. 120. – P. 228–239. – DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.072.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Z., He M., Cao H., Wang S., Chen R., Cao B., Shi R., Liu X., Yu S., Wang S., Bai J., Wei J. Ultrahigh-strength and ductile CoCrFeNi-based high-entropy alloys manufactured by laser powder bed fusion with multiple strengthening mechanisms. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, vol. 25, pp. 2948–2960. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ultrahigh-strength and ductile CoCrFeNi-based high-entropy alloys manufactured by laser powder bed fusion with multiple strengthening mechanisms / Z. Wu, M. He, H. Cao, S. Wang, R. Chen, B. Cao, R. Shi, X. Liu, S. Yu, S. Wang, J. Bai, J. Wei // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. – 2023. – Vol. 25. – P. 2948–2960. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nam S., Hwang J.Y., Jeon J., Park J., Bae D., Kim M.J., Kim J.H., Choi H. Deformation behavior of nanocrystalline and ultrafine-grained CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys. Journal of Materials Research, 2019, vol. 34 (5), pp. 720–731. DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2018.477.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deformation behavior of nanocrystalline and ultrafine-grained CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys / S. Nam, J.Y. Hwang, J. Jeon, J. Park, D. Bae, M.J. Kim, J.H. Kim, H. Choi // Journal of Materials Research. – 2019. – Vol. 34 (5). – P. 720–731. – DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2018.477.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
