Obrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material ScienceObrabotka Metallov / Metal Working and Material ScienceОбработка металлов (технология • оборудование • инструменты)1994-63092541-819XНовосибирский государственный технический университет46268010.17212/1994-6309-2026-28.3-345-359LYFYDXMATERIAL SCIENCEМАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕResearch ArticleStructure and wear resistance of hot-rolled Fe–Cr–B coatingsСтруктура и износостойкость горячекатаных покрытий системы Fe-Cr-Bhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-5649-709058891029700KZU-0990-20247244-8245ДудареваАлина АлексеевнаDudarevaAlina
Russian Federation

аспирант

Post-graduate Student

dudareva-alina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-2000-369560336093100QKX-7737-20264386-3468ЕсиковаЕкатерина ДмитриевнаEsikovaEkaterina
Russian Federation

Лаборант

Laboratory assistant

kate.esikova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-0964-319X60669861200QJW-6722-20269510-4080СтанкевичСергей ВячеславовичStankevichSergey
Russian Federation

junior researcher

м.н.с.

stankevich.2016@corp.nstu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0491-280357191844187L-7228-20179784-7328ШикаловВладислав СергеевичShikalovVladislav
Russian Federation

м.н.с.

junior researcher

v.shikalov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-751856070653000L-6896-20167714-4825МалютинаЮлия НиколаевнаMalyutinaYulia
Russian Federation

канд. техн. наук, доцент

Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor

iuliiamaliutina@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-209256602791200K-1758-20183266-7226ХомяковМаксим НиколаевичKhomyakovMaxim
Russian Federation

научный сотрудник

Scientific associate

mnkhomy@ya.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2422-151355325348200E-3638-20156160-8912ДомаровЕвгений ВадимовичDomarovEvgeniy
Russian Federation

научный сотрудник

Scientific associate

domarov88@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1114-679957189889192T-2797-20183585-0035EmurlaevKemal I.ЭмурлаевКемал Исметович
Russian Federation

Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor

канд. техн. наук, доцент

emurlaev@corp.nstu.ruНовосибирский государственный технический университетNovosibirsk State Technical UniversityИнститут гидродинамики им. М.А. Лаврентьева СО РАНLavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics SB RASИнститут лазерной физики СО РАНInstitute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the RASИнститут ядерной физики им. Г.И. Будкера СО РАНBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of SciencesЦКП «СКИФ», Институт катализа им. Г.К. Борескова СО РАНSiberian Circular Photon Source “SKlF” Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SRF “SKIF”)ruen283ТОМ 28, №3 (2026)VOL 28, NO3 (2026)34535905062026Copyright ©; 2026, Dudareva A.A., Esikova E.D., Stankevich S.V., Shikalov V.S., Malyutina Y.N., Khomyakov M.N., Domarov E.V., Emurlaev K.I.Copyright ©; 2026, Дударева А.А., Есикова Е.Д., Станкевич С.В., Шикалов В.С., Малютина Ю.Н., Хомяков М.Н., Домаров Е.В., Эмурлаев К.И.2026Dudareva A.A., Esikova E.D., Stankevich S.V., Shikalov V.S., Malyutina Y.N., Khomyakov M.N., Domarov E.V., Emurlaev K.I.Дударева А.А., Есикова Е.Д., Станкевич С.В., Шикалов В.С., Малютина Ю.Н., Хомяков М.Н., Домаров Е.В., Эмурлаев К.И.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://journals.rcsi.science/1994-6309/article/view/462680

Introduction. Austenitic steels are widely used in mining, railway, and chemical industries due to their high toughness and corrosion resistance. However, their service life under severe wear conditions is limited, which necessitates the development of effective surface hardening techniques that preserve the ductility of the substrate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological behavior of Fe–Cr–B-based coatings fabricated by non-vacuum electron beam cladding on AISI 321 steel followed by combined treatment (quenching and hot rolling). Materials and methods. Cladding was performed using two powder mixtures with different boron contents: C1QHR (1 g B) and C2QHR (2 g B). After cladding, the samples were quenched from 1,100 °C and subsequently hot-rolled at 950 °C. The microstructure was examined using scanning electron microscopy, and the phase composition was determined by X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties were evaluated by microhardness measurements, while tribological characteristics were assessed using a ball-on-flat dry sliding wear test. Results and discussion. The combined treatment was found to promote the precipitation of submicron (Fe,Cr)23C6 carbides within the austenitic matrix and the formation of (Fe,Cr)2(C,B) carboborides. The coating with the higher boron content (C2QHR) exhibited a hardness of 484 ± 20 HV, which is 2.4 times higher than that of AISI 321 steel. The wear resistance of the C2QHR coating is 5.3 times higher than that of the AISI 321 steel substrate. The main mechanisms enhancing the wear resistance of the coatings are precipitation hardening due to carbide precipitation, as well as the formation of borides and carboborides. Conclusions. The combination of quenching and hot rolling of the layers obtained by non-vacuum electron beam cladding forms a wear-resistant protective layer on the surface of AISI 321 steel.

Введение. Аустенитные стали широко применяются в горнодобывающей, железнодорожной и химической промышленности благодаря высокой вязкости и коррозионной стойкости. Однако их ресурс в условиях интенсивного изнашивания ограничен, что требует разработки эффективных методов поверхностного упрочнения, сохраняющих пластичность основы. Цель работы. Исследование структуры, механических и трибологических свойств покрытий на основе системы Fe-Cr-B, сформированных методом вневакуумной электронно-лучевой наплавки на поверхности заготовки из стали 12Х18Н9Т с последующей комбинированной обработкой (закалка и горячая прокатка). Методология. Наплавку проводили с использованием двух составов порошковых смесей с различным содержанием бора: C1QHR и C2QHR, причем содержание бора во втором составе было в два раза выше, чем в первом. После наплавки образцы подвергали закалке от 1100 °C и последующей горячей прокатке при 950 °C. Структуру исследовали на растровом электронном микроскопе, фазовый состав определяли с использованием синхротронного излучения. Механические свойства оценивали путем измерения микротвердости, трибологические характеристики – методом сухого трения скольжения по схеме «шар – плоскость». Результаты и обсуждение. Установлено, что горячая прокатка способствует выделению в аустенитной матрице субмикронных карбидов типа (Fe,Cr)23C6 и формированию карбоборидов состава (Fe,Cr)2(C,B). Покрытие с повышенным содержанием бора (C2QHR) обладает твердостью (484 ± 20 HV), в 2,4 раза превышающей твердость стали 12Х18Н9Т. Износостойкость покрытия C2QHR в 5,3 раза выше по сравнению с износостойкостью стали 12Х18Н9Т. Основным механизмом, ответственным за повышение износостойкости покрытий, является упрочнение вторичными фазами: дисперсионное твердение за счет выделения карбидов, а также формирование боридов и карбоборидов. Выводы. Сочетание закалки и горячей прокатки слоев, полученных вневакуумной электронно-лучевой наплавкой, формирует износостойкий защитный слой на поверхности стали 12Х18Н9Т.

Chromium-nickel austenitic steelElectron beam claddingHot plastic deformationChromiumBoronХромоникелевая аустенитная стальЭлектронно-лучевая наплавкаГорячая пластическая деформацияХромБорРоссийский научный фондRussian Science Foundation23-79-00066Министерство образования и науки Российской ФедерацииMinistry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian FederationFWUR-2026-0002Металлографические исследования и механические испытания сформированных покрытий выполнены при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-79-00066, https://rscf.ru/project/23-79-00066/. Дифракционные исследования с использованием синхротронного излучения выполнены при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках государственного задания для ЦКП «СКИФ» Института катализа им. Г.К. Борескова СО РАН (проект FWUR-2026-0002).This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-79-00066, https://rscf.ru/project/23-79-00066/. The synchrotron X‑ray experiments were carried out at the shared research center SSTRC based at the VEPP‑4 – VEPP‑2000 complex at BINP SB RAS. This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the governmental assignment for SRF SKIF Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (project FWUR-2026-0002).

Funding

This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-79-00066, https://rscf.ru/project/23-79-00066/.

The synchrotron X‑ray experiments were carried out at the shared research center SSTRC based at the VEPP‑4 – VEPP‑2000 complex at BINP SB RAS. This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the governmental assignment for SRF SKIF Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (project FWUR-2026-0002).

Acknowledgements

The structural research was carried out at the core facility “Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials”, NSTU.

Synchrotron X-ray research was conducted at the shared research center SSTRC on the basis of the VEPP‑4–VEPP‑2000 complex at BINP SB RAS.

Финансирование

Металлографические исследования и механические испытания сформированных покрытий выполнены при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-79-00066, https://rscf.ru/project/23-79-00066/.

Дифракционные исследования с использованием синхротронного излучения выполнены при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках государственного задания для ЦКП «СКИФ» Института катализа им. Г.К. Борескова СО РАН (проект FWUR-2026-0002).

Благодарности

Металлографические исследования и механические испытания выполнены на оборудовании ЦКП «Структура, механические и физические свойства материалов» (НГТУ).

Синхротронные рентгеновские исследования проведены на оборудовании ЦКП СЦСТИ на базе УНУ «Комплекс ВЭПП-4 – ВЭПП-2000» в ИЯФ СО РАН.

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